2. 1. Explain Freud’s topographic and structural model
of personality.
2. Explain Freud’s concept of defense mechanisms.
3. Explain Freud’s theory of psychosexual
development.
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Lesson Objectives
4. • We are motivated to satisfy instinctual needs (sexual)—
libidinous energy.
*Life instinct = libido – survival, reproduction and pleasure.
• Life & Death instincts Eros & Thanatos
• Unconscious conflicts are forcibly kept from awareness;
this influences our behavior.
• Past events shape subsequent behavior.
• Stage theory Assumes one must pass each stage
successfully to move on.
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Basic Concepts
5.
6. The Topographic Model
Levels of
Consciousness
1.Conscious
• Current contents of your mind that you actively think of.
• Current awareness.
• Called working memory.
• Easily accessed all the time.
2.Preconscious
• Contents of the mind you are not currently aware of.
• Thoughts, memories, knowledge, wishes, feelings.
• Available for easy access when needed.
3.Unconscious
• Contents kept out of conscious awareness.
• Not accessible at all.
• Processes that actively keep these thoughts from awareness.
• Do things unconsciously.
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7. The Structural Model
The Structure of
Personality
1. Id-Natural impulses (eg:
hunger, thirst, sex, “the pleasure
principle”)
2. Superego- “The moral
principle” or what society said
you should do in a situation
3. Ego- “The reality
principle” compromises
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8.
9. Id
• Resides completely at
the unconscious level.
• It has no contact with
reality.
• We are what we born.
• Operates according to
the pleasure principle
and primary process
thinking.
• Pleasure principle: all needs should be satisfied immediately.
• Primary process: forming an unconscious mental image of an object or event that would
satisfy the need.
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10. Ego
• Resides in all levels of
awareness / conscious.
• The part of the mind that
constrains the id to
reality.
• Develops around 2-3
years of age.
• Operates according to the
reality principle and
secondary process
thinking.
• Reality principle: Taking into account external reality
along with internal needs and urges. You weigh the
risks of an action before acting.
• Secondary process: Matching the unconscious image
of a tension-reducing object to a real object. Until such
an object can be found, the ego keeps the tension in
check.
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11. Supere
go
• The part of the mind
that internalizes the
values, morals, and
ideals of society.
• Not bound by reality.
• Begins forming at 4-5
years of age.
• Initially formed by
environment and others
(society, family etc).
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12.
13.
14. Anxiety & Defence Mechanisms
• Freud distinguished
three types of
anxiety, reflecting
three kinds of bad
things:
a) Reality anxiety
arises from a danger in the world.
a) Neurotic anxiety
unconscious fear that your id impulses will get
out of control and make you do something
that will get you punished
a) Moral anxiety
the fear people have when they have violated
(or are about to violate) their moral code.
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15. • Defense mechanisms = Unconscious psychological
processes designed to avoid or reduce the conscious
experience of anxiety.
• Examples of defense mechanisms:
1. Repression
2. Reaction formation
3. Displacement
4. Regression
5. Projection
6. Sublimation
7. Denial
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Anxiety & Defence Mechanisms
16. Repression
• The process of preventing unacceptable thoughts,
feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness.
• Ego pushes threats out of consciousness.
• It forces threatening feelings into the unconscious.
Example: A boy sees his father physical abuse his mother.
When ask him about the experience, the boy insists he has
never seen anything at all. He may not lying. Instead, he is
trying to not accept the horrible fact.
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17. Reaction Formation
• Act opposite of impulse.
• We hide from a threatening unconscious by
acting opposite manner.
Example: A girl who hates her mother deeply but
keep telling people she so loves her mother.
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18.
19. Displacement
• Channel impulse to non-threatening target.
Example: A woman who is angry at her housemate,
she displace her anger onto her friends, colleagues,
or parents. She still remains good relationship with
her housemate.
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20.
21. Regression
• Return to earlier, safer stages of our lives.
Example:
• A child may demand on drinking bottle when a
new baby is born.
• For adult, reaction to anxiety is to return back to
mother, seek out of comfort foods of childhood.
• It is temporary if compared to fixation.
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22.
23. Projection
• Projecting anxiety to others.
Example: Extremist politician on the rampage
against people involved in premarital sex, against
gay people.
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24.
25. Sublimation
• Satisfying an impulse (e.g. aggression) with a
substitute object, in a socially acceptable way.
Example: Art, music, sports and literature.
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26.
27. Denial
• Refusing to acknowledge an event took place or a
condition exist.
Example: A mother refuses to believe that her son
has been killed in combat.
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30. • In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element
of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory.
• Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood
stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the id became focused
on certain erogenous areas.
33. • Freud argued that our adult personalities are heavily influenced by what
happens to us during the first 5 or 6 years of life.
• Children face specific challenges as they pass through each stages and
small amounts of psychic energy are used up resolving these challenges.
• If all goes as it should, most of us still have an adequate amount of psychic
energy left to operate a healthy personality by the time we become adults.
• However, some children have a difficult time moving through a particular
stage or find the stage excessively satisfying and wish to stay there, which
results in fixation.
• Fixation refers to when a person is “stuck” in one stage of psychosexual
development. Fixation also refers to an inability to adopt any different or new perspective
on a problem.
34. Male Oedipus Complex
• It happens during phallic stage.
• Castration anxiety.
• Boy forms an identification with his father.
• Boy wants to be his father to protect his
mother.
• Boy also wants to have his mother’s
attentions.
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35.
36. Female Oedipus Complex
•Girls transfer their sexual interest onto their
father and develop hostility toward their
mother.
•Penis envy A powerful force in the
formation of girl’s personality.
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37.
38. (222) Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual
Development - YouTube
39. “Innocent dreams… are wolves in sheep’s clothing.
They turn out to be quite the reverse when we take
the trouble to analyze them.”
Sigmund Freud
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Getting at Unconscious Material
40. • Dreams
• Projective Tests
• Free Association
• Freudian Slips
• Hypnosis
• Accidents
• Symbolic Behavior
Getting at Unconscious Material
41. Psychoanalysis Assumptions
• Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological problems
as rooted in the unconscious mind.
• Manifest symptoms are caused by latent (hidden)
disturbances.
• Typical causes include unresolved issues during
development or repressed trauma.
• Treatment focuses on bringing the repressed conflict to
consciousness, where the client can deal with it.
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Application: Psychoanalysis
42. Assessment: Projective Tests
• Projective tests present individuals with
ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or vague
pictures.
• Types of projective tests:
1. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
2. Rorschach Inkblot Test - Exner’s
Comprehensive system
http://www.your3dsource.com/are-you-crazy-
inkblot-test.html
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43. Psychoanalytic Perspective:
Problems & Prospects
Controversies
• Behaviour of young children is sexually motivated.
• Theory is hard to test, partly because many of its
concepts are defined ambiguous and arguable.
(E.g. libido)
• Freud thought about personality in a metaphorical
way. Should his theory be read literally or
metaphorically?
44. Prospects
• It was the first major theory of personality.
• Freud spoke to questions that lie at the
heart of personality (e.g. How does
childhood influence later life? What is mental
health?)
• Freud’s idea of personality are novel,
exciting and interesting – seductive.
Psychoanalytic Perspective:
Problems & Prospects
47. The Freudian Approach
In groups,
discuss:
1. What the theory
is about.
2. How it is applied
(provide a past
evidence).
3. What are the
strengths and
weaknesses of
the
theory/practice?
4. Your personal
thoughts…
Freud’s Theory of
Humor
Freud’s Dream
Interpretation
Hypnosis
Freudian slips a husband who uses his wife’s maiden name may unconsciously wish he’d never married this woman.
Accidents many apparent accidents may be in fact intentional actions stemming from unconscious impulses.
