4. What motivates people to learn?
• Types of motivation
– Broad types
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
• Social
– Subtle variations (Ryan & Deci’s Self-Determination Theory)
– Implications for open badges
5. What motivates learners to engage in CPD?
Love of
learning
Inner drive
Participation in social
activities by ‘activity-oriented’
learners
Response to
external incentives
(rewards or punishment)
Dale, V. H. M., S. E. Pierce and S. A. May (2010). "The importance of cultivating a preference for complexity in
veterinarians for effective lifelong learning." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 37(2): 165-171.
6. Extrinsic motivation associated with behaviourism –
very simplistic way of looking at learning
• Learning explained by environmental (external) influences on
observed behaviour (learned associations)
– Summary video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUwCgFSb6Nk
B. F. Skinner’s
operant conditioning
Ivan Pavlov’s
classical
conditioning
John B. Watson
Stimulus-response model
Edward L. Thorndike
Law of effect
"One of Pavlov's dogs" by Rklawton - English Wikipedia, see below.
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via
Wikimedia Commons -
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.j
pg#mediaviewer/File:One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg
Skinner’s first teaching machine by Silly rabbit,
CC-BY-3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common
s/2/2d/Skinner_teaching_machine_08.jpg
By Christine Matthews [CC-BY-SA-2.0,
via Wikimedia Commons,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3
ARock_Dove_(Feral_Pigeon)_(Columba_l
ivia)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1309587.jpg
7. However …
Preference for complexity = deep approach, high need for cognition, construction & use of knowledge
Preference for simplicity= surface approach, low need for cognition, intake of knowledge
Preference for complexity positively correlated with
intrinsic AND extrinsic AND social motivation …
Dale, V. H. M., S. E. Pierce and S. A. May (2010). "The importance of cultivating a preference for complexity in
veterinarians for effective lifelong learning." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 37(2): 165-171.
8. Self-determination theory (Ryan and Deci 2000) provides insight
into subtle variations of extrinsic motivation
Behaviourist Constructivist
?
Where do open badges fit into this model of motivation?
Ryan, R. M. and E. L. Deci (2000). "Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,
social development, and well-being." American Psychologist 55(1): 68.
9. Motivation … implications for open badges
Amotivation
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Social
• Participation / attendance
– Nice to have, easy to get (Curran 2014)
• Competency based badge
– ‘Digital credentialing’ (Jovanovic & Devedzic 2014)
– Legitimises informal learning experiences (Goligoski 2012)
– Aids transparency to learner achievements (Curran 2014)
– Promotes self-reflection & planning (Jovanovic & Devedzic 2014)
• Gamification
– ‘Fun’ element, fostering collaboration & competition
(Glover 2013, Seliskar 2014)
11. Storing your badges
• What is the Mozilla backpack?
• How do I add badges to my
backpack?
• How do I display my badges?
MOZILLA BACKPACK
12. Storing your badges
WHAT IS THE MOZILLA BACKPACK?
• A repository for collecting and displaying badges from a
variety of source
• The Open Badges backpack is an interface where the
earner can import badges, delete badges, set privacy
controls, create and publish groups of badges.
13. Storing your badges
ADDING BADGES
• You need to add any awarded badges issued they will
not appear automatically once you have earned them.
• Earning a badge.
17. Creating badges
ISSUING PLATFORMS
3rd-party badge issuer
Data stored on someone else’s server, start issuing now
Use a plugin
Add to an existing product (Moodle, Wordpress, etc.)
Build your own bespoke solution
Hire a developer, hold your own data
18. Creating badges
ISSUING IN MOODLE
Requires enabling activity completion
Issued manually or linked to activities
No input area for criteria
Criteria selectable only from activities or manual issue
Evidence
No area for link to evidence
30. Group activity: design a badge
• The worksheet on the tables is taken from:
http://www.jiscrsc.ac.uk/media/421718/jiscopenbadgesde
signtoolkit-print_1.pdf
32. Further reading and information
Jisc Open Badge Design Toolkit:
http://www.jiscrsc.ac.uk/media/421718/jiscopenbadgesdesigntoolkit-print_1.pdf
Curran, T. (2014). "How open badges can promote student motivation." Retrieved 26
November, 2014, from http://tedcurran.net/2014/06/06/open-badges-motivation/.
Glover, I. (2013). “Play as you learn: gamification as a technique for motivating learners.”
EdMedia 2013, World Conference on Educational Media & Technology.
Glover, I. and F. Latif (2013). “Investigating perceptions and potential of open badges in
formal higher education.” World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia
and Telecommunications.
Goligoski, E. (2012). "Motivating the learner: Mozilla’s open badges program." Access to
Knowledge: A Course Journal 4(1): 1-8.
Jovanovic, J. and V. Devedzic (2014, early online). "Open Badges: Novel means to
motivate, scaffold and recognize learning." Technology, Knowledge and Learning: 1-8.
Seliskar, H. V. (2014). "Using badges in the classroom to motivate learning." Retrieved 26
November, 2014, from http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/teaching-with-technology-articles/
using-badges-classroom-motivate-learning/.
Notes de l'éditeur
Survey done of veterinary surgeons in the UK, included Likert scale items derived from various learning inventories and other published studies. PCA confirmed that vets were motivated primarily for intrinsic reasons, then social reasons and somewhat motivated by extrinsic reasons.
However, extrinsic motivation (rewards & punishments) most associated with behaviourism.
This is an objectivist epistemology where the teacher transmits knowledge to the student who is a passive recipient, a teacher-centred model of education.
Skinner- behaviour that is positively reinforced will occur. Did experiments with pigeons tapping on a device for food.
Principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be in order to be associated) and reinforcement (ways of increasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated) are critical.
Locus of control is external (in environment).
Interestingly, all forms of motivation were associated with a preference for complexity that would be associated with an internal locus of control and a degree of autonomy and self-directedness.
With appropriate scaffolding and support by teacher, can students move towards being self-directed, self-actualisation?
Zone of proximal development (Vygotsky)
On digital credentialing, Goligoski 2012 notes that OBs legitimise informal learning experiences
However one thing to be wary of is ‘motivation displacement (J&D 2014 citing Deterding 2013) – giving an extrinsic reward may displace learners’ intrinsic motivation.
Periodic expiry also forces regular retraining for important skills and recertification (Glover & Latif 2013)
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.
In order to save and display badges users need an area to store them digitally. This is usually the Mozilla backpack,
as the use of badges increase there are ways issuers can setup backpack areas. This would require a long term commitment by the issuer.