This slides present why Kathmandu Valley as a metropolitan region is not working in the present scenario of federalism.

1. INTRODUCTION
01

2. Research Background
 Delineation of Municipalities As administrative boundaries
 Urban issues Shared between the boundaries of municipalities
 3 levels of government With numerous executive bodies
PRIMATE CITY
Metropolitan Region
Smaller
Cities
Around
LGOA, 2017:
• Population>0.5M
• 6 Metropolitan
cities
• Hence, the term
metropolitan
region
 18 Municipalities in the valley; Various activities linked; Resulting into
Daily Commuting
 Valley planning exercise in the paper, its tangible outcome has been
barely felt.
KATHMANDU VALLEY

3. Need of Research
Distinct municipal regions have nearly merged into a single
continuous constructed metropolitan area.
Several federal, Provincial, and Local agencies are involved in
Planning and implementation.
Installing efficient metropolitan planning and administration
systems will be crucial for guaranteeing integrated urban
growth.
Urgency of delineating Metro-region has been mentioned in
the documents prepared by MUAN and MOUD.

4. Research objective
The main objective
of the research is to
Recommend Models
of the institutional
frameworks of Metro
region governance
for the Kathmandu
valley.
•To develop an analytical picture of existing government
institutions within the Kathmandu valley.
•To study the Kathmandu Valley Development Authority’s power
structure and functionality.
•To review the existing international models of the institutional
framework for metro region governance.

5. Limitation
 Not examined the
institution’s detailed
financial
management
 Extraction of
limited perceptions
 Nepalese federalism
is young; lessons
still to be learnt
GOVERNANCE
Private
Sector
Public
Sector
Civil
Societies
Government
Government Institution
Institutional structure

6. POLICY REVIEW
03

7. POLICIES STUDIED
• Constitution of Nepal, 2015
• Kathmandu valley Development
Authority Act, 1988
• Local Government Operation Act,
2074 BS
• Land Acquisition Act, 2034 BS
• 15th five-year plan (2019/20-2023/24)
• Land Use Act, 2076 BS
• National Urban Development Strategy,
2017
• Kathmandu valley Public
Transportation Authority Act, 2076
Kathmandu valley Public Transportation
Authority Act, 2076
To make public transport service easy, accessible, passenger-
friendly, reliable, cost-effective.
(Source: (My Republica , 2019)

8. Legislative unit
Institutional set up of KVPTA
KVPTA Council
Mayor of KMC as
Chairperson
Mayor of LMC as Vice-
chairperson
Members
2 mayors
Joint secretary (MOPIT),
Concerned ministry of the province.
•Representative from concerned
departments.
3 representatives from the biggest
private companies
Chief executive officer as the member-
secretary.

9. LITERATURE
REVIEW
03

10. Metro region government set-up
S.N. Supra-Municipal Inter-Municipal
1 Purest Metropolitan Model Co-ordinated mechanism between smaller units
2 Have Direct Political
Legitimacy
Political legitimacy lies between the member (Basic
Authorities)
3 Financial autonomy Rare Financial Autonomy
4 Example: The Greater London
Council
Example: Metro Manila
Source: (Lefevre, 1998)
• Inter-municipal governance setup
• KVDA as a coordination unit
• Lacks both political legitimacy and financial
Autonomy
CASE AREA: KATHMANDU VALLEY

11. Autonomy and Legitimacy of Metropolitan government
 For the activities of the metropolitan governance to be acknowledged and applicable by all, it
needs political legitimacy(Lefevre, 1998).
 Whatever the modality of the governance be,
• The legitimacy of the metro region governance model is only functional
• Whereas the legitimacy of the local units is it’s identification by the citizens developed
over a longer span of time.

12. MOST TALKED
ABOUT
INTERNATIONAL
PRACTICES

13. Metro manila National Capital Territory of Delhi
• 17 administrative cities within 4 districts.
• Each have relatively independent LGUs.
• Only loosely connected by the MMDA that makes
policies for the whole capital region.
• Metro manila council : Mayors of the cities, Various
departments of the country and National capital region
police.
• The chairman of MMDA is appointed by the President
(Rank of Cabinet Minister).
 Does not fall within any one particular province and is
one of the 8 independent regions of India.
 It is an autonomous capital of India having 9 districts.
 It has a 70-member unicameral legislature.
 The head of the executive government is called a
lieutenant governor, appointed by the president of
India.
 The government has a chief minister. This region is
not a state but its nature is like a state.

14. Existing
structure in KV

15. Kathmandu Valley Development Authority
MoUD KVDA
Physical Development
Board
Minister of Urban Development as
Chairperson
Members
Minister of the concerned
Ministry of Bagmati Province
Secretary of MOUD and other
concerned Ministries
Mayors of KMC, LMC,
Bhaktapur and other 3
municipalities as assigned by
MOUD
Board of Directors
Development commissioner as
chairperson
Members
Mayors of KMC, LMC,
Bhaktapur, Madhyapur Thimi
and Kirtipur Municipalities
Representatives from
government institutions like
NEA, NTC etc.
3 Urban development and
management experts as
recommended by MOUD.

16. SWOC Analysis of Kathmandu Valley Development Authority
STRENGTH
 Existing KVDA Act
 Comprehensive Development Master
Plan preparation in progress
WEAKNESS
 Lack of Political Ownership
 Projects approval through Cabinet of
ministers
 Outdated KVDA Act
 Budget dependency on Federal
Government
OPPORTUNITIES
 Acceptance of loans and grants from
international donors
 Need of KVDA felt
CHALLENGES
 Unable to gain trust of locals of KV
 Extensive Illegal land plotting
supported by LG itself

17. RESEARCH
DESIGN
04

18. • Constructivist Paradigm
• Truth has multiple realities
• Every individual has their own idea of problem and their own interpretation.
PARADIGM
The methodology of this paradigm is that it is a value bound research and qualitative in nature.
Epistemology: Reality is socially constructed.
Focus on narratives, stories, perception and interpretation
Inductive thinking : Search for pattern from observation and the development of explanations and
finally theories for those patterns through series of hypotheses.

19. Primary data collection
Data Analysis
Findings and Discussions
Conclusion and
Recommendation
Secondary data collection
Establish objective of the study
Research methodology
Data Collection
Observation, KII Reports, journals, publications
Method

20. Methodology for data collection
Literature: Established knowledge on Metro Region Governance and
its related policy.
KII: Semi-structured interview with key Policy makers including,
Federal MP of all three districts, Provincial MP, Policy making
Bureaucrats, Development commissioners and other KVDA’s
implementation unit’s heads.
Observation: Through direct observation and involvement in the
institution.

21. FINDINGS
05

22. Findings
KVDA'S function as a single
Planning Unit
5%
95%
Has KVDA been able to work
satisfactorily as a single planning unit ?
Yes
No
85%
15%
Is KVDA still Relevant ?
Relevent
Not Relevent
Relevancy of KVDA in the
federal Structure
As mentioned in
various literatures
and news articles,
this data support
the fact that
KVDA has not
been able to
work as a single
planning unit
but with
reformations on
it’s institutional
structure it’s still
relevant in this
federal structure

23. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Models suggested by Mayors
New Co-ordinating agency with head as a person to which LG are Liable
Involvement of all LGS as legislative body
Supra-Municipal
KVDA has been failing to make the Local Government pose
Responsiveness and Ownership to the institution. KVPTA has
incorporate this weakness of KVDA as it’s major strength.

24. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Models suggested by Provincial and Federal
Politicians
Formation of a legislative body with all LGS, Federal and Provincial MP
Supra-Municipal
New Co-ordinating agency to which LG are Liable
The law makers of the country feels need of KVDA but demands the
assurance of their participation in the major decision making of their
electoral regions.

25. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Models suggested by MOUD Bureaucrats
Involvement of all LGs in policy making
Current Model of KVDA is fine
New Co-ordinating agency to which LG are Liable
• Strongly supports on the need of KVDA with involvement of Local
Government
• Contradicting result: 25% of the respondent totally support the current
structure
• This may be due to the requirement for assurance of MOUD’s leading
representation in the institution

26. Federal Democratic
Republic of Nepal
Federal
Government
10 Ministries
28 Institutions
Provincial
Government
6
Institutions
Local
Government
18
Municipalities
Government institutions responsible for Planning, Developing and Managing Urban Infrastructures
Total Count of Institutions: 52

27. ANALYSIS
06

28. General Concepts Agreed Upon
16%
40%
10%
26%
8%
Combined Result of Models
suggested New Co-ordinating agency with
head as a person to which LG
are Liable
Involvement of all LGS as
legislative body
Supra-Municipal
Formation of a legislative body
with all LGS, Federal and
Provincial MP
Current Model of KVDA is fine
S.N. Models Agreed Upon
1
Involvement of all LGS as
legislative body in the
Existing structure of KVDA.
2
Formation of a legislative
body with all LGS, Federal
and Provincial MP in the
Existing structure of KVDA.
3
Formation of New Co-
ordinating agency directly
under the President.
4 Supra-Municipal Model.
5 Current Model of KVDA.
The most accepted model
Involvement of all LGS as legislative body in the
Existing structure of KVDA.

29. Name of the
Document
Institution Proposed Model
Long term
Development
Concept Plan of
Kathmandu valley,
2059 BS
Nepal
Government  Autonomous body not directly under any ministry called
Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Council under PM.
 There may be a main council and another executive
committee for administrative control.
Kathmandu valley
Autonomous
Metro city, 2011
AD
MUAN
 A Unicameral Legislative body with the equal number of
members as that of province named as Metro-City Council
that will be represented in the National assembly as well.
 For execution it will have different municipal governments.
Models Proposed Earlier

30. DISCUSSION
07

31. Supra-Municipal Model: The Long-Term Solution
PROS CONS
 Benefit of Economies of scale
 Address the equity problem
 Poor public service delivery
 Decline in Local democracy's vitality
Supra-municipal: A metro-
region with either a single
mayor or running as a single
regional unit
Total 5 Models Summarized:
• Supra-municipal Model (Long-term solution)
• Inter-municipal Models (4 Immediate
Solutions)

32. Four Immediate Solutions
PROS CONS
 Some sense of Ownership
by LGs
 Co-Financing between
LGs and Federal
Government
 Difficulty in achieving
Co-financing fully
PROS CONS
• Political Legitimacy with
the permanent local
government
• shared finances by the rich
municipalities to the poor
municipalities.
• Direct representation of
People’s voices
• Local culture, History and
Identity will be reflected
even in the larger metro-
projects
• Possibility of Delay in
Decision Making
• Risk of Failure of mega
projects because of Vested
Interests

33. Four Immediate Solutions
Chairperson: President or Prime Minister him/herself
• Provincial chief and Mayors of the municipalities as
members along with representatives from the line
agencies
PROS CONS
• Higher Authoritative powers
• Highest degree of political
legitimacy
• Full Financial Autonomy
•
• Possibility of Forced
decision-making

34. Four Immediate Solutions
PROS CONS
• Strengthen the institution's
political credibility on both
provincial and national level.
• Easy collaboration of the
three levels of government to
carry out large metro projects.
• All the advantages of model
3.
• Conflict might arise in the
council itself.

35. CONCLUSION
08

36. Objective Conclusion
Analytical picture of existing
government institutions within KV.
• Unclear Inter-ministry, Inter-institutional, or Inter-
governmental co-ordination mechanism
Kathmandu Valley Development
Authority’s power structure and
functionality.
• Functioning of KVDA- Mostly driven by influential
bureaucrats and politicians.
• The PDB of the institutions has tried incorporating the 3-tiers
of government.
• However, the LGs considers this as pseudo-participation.
International models of the
institutional framework for metro-
region governance.
• Case Based- Success- Political Scenario
• Inter-municipal to supra-municipal evolution
Models of institutional Structure for
metro-region governance
• 4 immediate solutions identified : Each have their own
advantages and disadvantages
• Council as an umbrella organization- Policy makers shall
make informed decisions

37. RECOMMENDATION
09

38. • Formation of KVPTA has shown the present day need for the involvement of LG in the metro-
region institution
• With the changed political scenario of the country and the implementation of the new
constitution, strong representation of all three levels of government needed.
• The Models 2,3, and 4 will help provide a clear way out for “co-ordination between the three
levels of government and also the government institutions”.

39. For the implementation of immediate models, either the Minister of Urban Development or the
Prime Minister himself/herself shall make a bold political decision.
Supra-Municipal Inter-Municipal
• LGOA, Article 7:
Amalgamation of 2 or more municipalities in the
same district
• Constitution, Article 56(5):
Creation of Special, Protected and autonomous
regions
• Substantially altering the KVDA act as it
currently stands
• The MOUD Shall process the act
modifications after further discussion on the
models generated
The Implementation

40. Further Analysis
Further research shall be done
• To develop the analytical picture of existing government
institutions.
• Incorporating the private sector and civil societies in
governance
• To establish a Co-financing mechanism between all three
tiers of government.
• On similar other regions as identified by NUDS

41. References
• Lefevre, C. (1998). Metropolitan government and governance in Western countries: a critical review. International Journal
of Urban and Regional Research, 22(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00120
• Govt brings bill to set up Kathmandu Valley Public Transport Authority – My Republica - The New York Times Partner,
Latest news of Nepal in English, Latest News Articles. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2022, from
https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/govt-brings-bill-to-set-up-kathmandu-valley-public-transport-authority/
• Acharya, K. K. (2018). The capacity of local governments in Nepal : from government to governance and governability ?
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 40(3), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2018.1525842
• Bhattrai, P. (2019). The New Federal Structure in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities for Quality Governance - EDP
Network. https://www.external-democracy-promotion.eu/the-new-federal-structure-in-nepal-challenges-and-opportunities-
for-quality-governance/
• Difference between Metro and Metropolitan City | Metro vs Metropolitan City. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2022, from
http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-metro-and-metropolitan-city
• Gaebler, T., Bryson, J. M., Kettl, D., & Greve, C. (n.d.). THE NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE ?
• Mayors in Kathmandu Valley want govt to dissolve KVDA - OnlineKhabar English News. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2022,
from https://english.onlinekhabar.com/mayors-in-kathmandu-valley-want-govt-to-dissolve-kvda.html
• Nepal’s urban population reaches 66.08 percent « Khabarhub. (2022). Khabarhub.
https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/26/234307/

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