3. 1
Contents of the project :-
1) Introduction
2) Sources of natural essential oil
3) Factors affecting the choice of extraction process
4) Different extraction methods
5) Economics of vetiver cultivation
6) Conclusion
7) reference
4. INTRODUCTION :-
What is Essential Oil ?
The scented oil obtained from natural sources is called
Essential oil.
• An essential oil may be defined as a volatile perfumery material
derived from a single source of plant or animal origin, which has been
separated from that source by a physical process.
There are about 1300 plants in India which are known to be aromatic
plant. Out of which 65 plant species have demand in the world market.
India share the 3rd largest producer of natural essential oils next to
USA and Brazil.
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5. Total Indian exports about 2800 tonns of essential oil valued at
Rs.327.44 lakhs, with mentha mint oil accounting for about 70% and
60% of the quantity and value, respectively, of the total essential oils
export.
Further, 4th largest economy after USA, China & Japan and second
fastest growing economy. Hence there is a demand for the mass
consumption items.
Essential oils from aromatic plants are low volume and of high value.
They have a longer shelf life at room temp. than horticultural plants.
Some of them can be grown in marginal lands through contract farming.
The world production and consumption of essential oils and perfumes
are increasing very fast.
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6. AROMATIC PLANTS – NEED FOR DIVERSIFICATION
More profitable than many field crops
Plants for intercropping – complementary not supplementary systems
Scope for value addition
Ecologically sustainable
Essential oils are used in a wide variety of consumer goods such as
detergents, soaps, toilet products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, perfumes,
confectionery food products, soft drinks, distilled alcoholic beverages
(hard drinks) and insecticides.
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7. Sources of natural essential oil
Flowers Leaves Leaves and
stems
Bark Wood Roots Seeds Fruits Rhizom
s
Rose Mint Geranium Cassia Cedar Vetiver Fennel Orange Ginger
Jasmine Ocimum
spp.
Patchouli Cinna
mon
Sanda
l
valerian Corian
der
Lemon Calamus
Carnation Lemon
Grass
Petitgrain canella Pine Dill Juniper Curcuma
Clove Palm-
rosa
Verbena Nut
meg
orris
Mimosa cinnamon
Rosemar
y
Lavender
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8. Production technology is an essential element to improve the overall
yield and quality of essential oil.
The traditional technologies pertaining to essential oil processing are
of great signficance and are still being used in many parts of the globe.
Water distillation, water and steam distillation, steam distillation,
cohobation, maceration and enfleurage are the most traditional and
commonly used methods.
Maceration is adaptable when oil yield from distillation is poor.
Distillation methods are good for powdered almonds, rose petals and
rose blossoms.
Water distillation is the most favored method of production of
citronella oil from plant material.
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9. Factors Affecting the Choice of Extraction Process :-
The choice of the process to be used for the extraction of a essential oil
depends on a number of factors.
1. Nature of the essential oil :-
The choice to use any extraction method is primarily depends
upon the nature and characteristics of the oil to be extracted. Therefore,
knowledge of the type of organs and tissues of the plant matter is
essential for achieving the best result.
2. Stability of the Essential oil :-
Continuous hot extraction procedures should be avoided when
constituents of the oil are thermolabile.
3. Cost of the Crude Drug :- When the essential oil is expensive (e.g.
ginger), it is desirable to obtain complete extraction. Therefore, from the
economic point of view, percolation should be used. For less expensive
essential oil maceration is used, despite its lower efficiency, is
acceptable in view of its lower cost.
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10. 4. Solvent :-
Selection of the solvent depends on the solubility of the
desired components of the material.
5. Concentration of the Product :-
Dilute products can be made by maceration or percolation. For semi-
concentrated and concentrated preparations, the more efficient
percolation process is used.
6. Recovery of Solvent :-
Solvent is preferably recovered under reduced pressure to save
thermolabile constituents.
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11. Popular extraction methods :-
1) Distillation includes :-
• Hydro distillation
2) Expression (cold pressing)
3) Solvent extraction
4) Maceration
5) Enfluerage
6) Super critical fluid extraction
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12. Different Extraction methods :-
• Hydro distillation
In order to isolate essential oils by hydro distillation, the
aromatic plant material is packed in a still and a sufficient quantity of
water is added and brought to a boil; alternatively, live steam is injected
into the plant charge.
Due to the influence of hot water and steam, the essential oil is
freed from the oil glands in the plant tissue. The vapor mixture of water
and oil is condensed by indirect cooling with water. From the condenser,
distillate flows into a separator, where oil separates automatically from
the distillate water.
Three Types of Hydro distillation
Three are three types of hydro distillation for isolating essential oils from
plant materials:
1. Water distillation
2. Water and steam distillation
3. Direct steam distillation
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13. Water Distillation :-
In this method, the material is completely immersed in water,
which is boiled by applying heat by direct fire, steam jacket, closed
steam jacket, closed steam coil or open steam coil. The main
characteristic of this process is that there is direct contact between
boiling water and plant material.
The plant material in the still must be agitated as the water boils,
otherwise agglomerations of dense material will settle on the bottom and
become thermally degraded.
water distillation possesses one distinct advantage, i.e. that it permits
processing of finely powdered material or plant parts that, by contact
with live steam, would otherwise form lumps through which the steam
cannot penetrate.
The main disadvantage of water distillation is that complete extraction
is not possible and is used only in cases in which the plant material by its
very nature cannot be processed by water and steam distillation or by
direct steam distillation. 11
14. Water and Steam Distillation :-
In water and steam distillation, the steam can be generated either in a
satellite boiler or within the still, although separated from the plant material.
Like water distillation, water and steam distillation is widely used in rural
areas.
Moreover, it does not require a great deal more capital expenditure than
water distillation. Also, the equipment used is generally similar to that used
in water distillation, but the plant material is supported above the boiling
water on a perforated grid.
Advantages of Water and Steam Distillation over Water Distillation
:
• Higher oil yield.
• Steam and water distillation is faster than water distillation, so it is more
energy efficient. Many oils are currently produced by steam and water
distillation, for example lemongrass is produced in Bhutan with a rural
steam and water distillation system.
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15. Disadvantages of Water and Steam Distillation :-
• Due to the low pressure of rising steam, oils of high-boiling range require
a greater quantity of steam for vaporization -hence longer hours of
distillation.
Direct Steam Distillation :-
As the name suggests, direct steam distillation is the process of distilling
plant material with steam generated outside the still in a satellite steam
generator generally referred to as a boiler.
As in water and steam distillation, the plant material is supported on a
perforated grid above the steam inlet. A real advantage of satellite steam
generation is that the amount of steam can be readily controlled. Because
steam is generated in a satellite boiler.
The plant material is heated no higher than 100° C and, consequently, it
should not undergo thermal degradation.
Steam distillation is the most widely accepted process for the production
of essential oils on large scale.
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16.
17. Advantages of Direct Steam Distillation :-
• Amount of steam can be readily controlled.
• No thermal decomposition of oil constituents.
• Most widely accepted process for large-scale oil production,
superior to the other two processes.
Disadvantage of Direct Steam Distillation :-
• Much higher capital expenditure needed to establish this activity than
for the other two processes.
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18. 2) Cold Pressing (Expression):-
Expression or cold pressing, as it is also known, is only used in the
production of citrus oils. The term expression refers to any physical
process in which the essential oil glands in the peel are crushed or broken
to release the oil.
In the past the fruit pulp was removed by hands.
The rind and pith were then soaked in warm water.
Pith of the fruit absorbed water and exerted pressure due to which it
became more elastic.
It was inverted which helped to rupture the oil cells on a sponge
placed next to rind.
As sponge became saturated with oil it was then squeezed to release
the volatile oil which was collected in a vessel and then decanted.
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19. 3) Solvent extraction :-
This method was used to extract oil from different seeds (lemon seed,
aniseed, grape seed) and also from flowers & delicate plant material that
would be destroyed by hot water and steam.
It is complicated and costly procedure using ethanol and n-hexane as a
solvents to draw the oils from plant material.
Solvent extraction, also known as Liquid–liquid extraction.
This is done using two liquids that don't mix, for example, water and
an organic solvent (Figure).
In the Solvent-Extraction method of Essential Oils recovery, an
extracting unit is loaded with perforated trays of essential oil plant
material and repeatedly washed with the solvent.
Solvent extraction is used on delicate plants to produce higher amounts
of essential oils at a lower cost .
The quality and quantity of extracted mixture are determined by the
type of extra heat applied because of the method is limited by the
compound solubility in the specific solvent used.
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20. Although the method is relatively simple and quite efficient, it suffers
from such disadvantages as long extraction time and relatively high
solvent consumption.
Fig.- Solvent extraction method
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21. 4) Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE):
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one
component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical
fluids as the extracting solvent.
Supercritical fluids have been used as solvents for a wide variety of
applications such as essential oil extraction and metal cation extraction.
In practice, more than 90% of all analytical supercritical fluid extraction
(SFE) is performed with carbon dioxide (CO2) for several practice reasons.
Apart from having relatively low critical pressure (74 bars) and
temperature , CO2 is relatively non-toxic, nonflammable, noncorrosive,
safe, available in high purity at relatively low cost and is easily removed
from the extract.
This extraction method produces higher yield, higher diffusion coefficient,
and lower viscosity.
Many essential oils that cannot be extracted by steam distillation can be
obtainable with carbon dioxide extraction.
Nevertheless, this technique is very expensive because of the price of this
equipment for this process is very expensive and it is not easily handled..
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22. 5) Enfleurage :-
Enflurage is a two-step process during which the odour of aromatic
materials is absorbed into wax or fat, then extracted with alcohol.
Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not
possible because some fragrant compounds denature through high heat.
In this method, A glass plate is covered with a thin coating of
especially prepared and odourless fat(called a chassis).
The freshly cut flowers are individually laid on to the fat which in time
becomes saturated with their essential oils.
Eventually the fragrance saturated fat, known as pomade, treated with
alcohol to extract the oil from the fat.
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23. 6) Maceration :-
With the maceration extraction method, the flowers are soaked in hot
oil to have their cell membranes ruptured and the hot oil then absorbs
the essence. The oil is then cleared of by decanted.
This is very much the same technique used in solvent extractions,
There solvents are used instead of the hot oil as used in maceration.
I have visited the farm of Harsukhbhai hirapara , he is a farmer and
cultivating the different aromatic plants and also medicinal plants .
He is also doing extraction on his farm so his set up the steam
distillation unit. He has also set up marketing for selling of essential oil.
I have collected the below data from the harsukhbhai.
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24. Economics of vetiver cultivation and extraction of essential oil :-
Cost of cultivation/acre :-
1)Preparation of the farm and cost of
rotavator and tractor - 2,500 Rs.
2)Fertilizer cost(FYM/ tanch/Gypsum/DAP) - 5,000 Rs.
3)Planting material (15000nung-requirement )
1 slip/200 Rs. - 30,000 Rs.
4)Weeding cost - 5,000 Rs.
5) Insecticidal cost - 1,000 Rs.
6) Irrigation cost - 1,500 Rs.
7) Harvesting of root by machinery - 7,500 Rs.
8)Distillation cost of 24 hours & other related
cost - 20,000 Rs.
9) Other cost - 15,000 Rs.
•Total cost - 87,500 Rs.
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25. Returns of cultivation and extraction/acre :-
1) Production of 30 kg oil
price of 1 kg oil – 13500Rs.) - 4,05,000 Rs.
2) Processing of roots for making handicrafts,
Khas, in air conditioner - 10,000 Rs.
3) Use of grass for roof cover and animal
roughage - 5,000 Rs.
4) Returns by selling slip - 5,000 Rs.
5) Assistance from government
(national horticulture mission) - 4500 Rs.
• Total Returns - 4,29,500 Rs.
• Net profit - 3,42,000 Rs.
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26. Conclusion :-
The cultivation of aromatic plants is more easy with less irrigation
requirement and also less labour and skill is required and the duration of
the crop is also short.
The extraction of essential oil from aromatic plant is also less costly
and easily done on the farm.
Morever, the produce is obtain throughout the year so income is obtain
throughout the year.
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27. REFERENCES :-
Ames, G.R. and W.S.A. Matthews. 1969. The distillation of essential oils. Perf& Essential oil
Rec., January:9-18.
Denny, E. F. K., 1969, Hydro distillation of oils from aromatic herbs, Perfumer and Flavours,
14(4): 57-63
Denny, E. F. K., 1991, Field Distillation for Herbaceous Oils (2nd Edition.), Denny McKenzie,
Assoc., Lilydale, Tasmania, p. 265
Lawrence, B. M., 1995, The Isolation of Aromatic Materials from Natural Plant Products. In: A
Manual on the Essential Oil Industry, Tuley De Silva (Ed.), United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria
Handbook of medicinal and aromatic plant by jitendra singh
Horticultural, medicinal and aromatic plants by D. K. sharma
Spices and aromatic plants by E.v. divakara shashtri, Dhirendra singh, s.s. Rajput
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