NanoxāļĢāđāļēāļāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļŠāļ·āđāļ Social āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļĢ āđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļĒāļāļāļāļēāļĒâĶāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĒāļąāđāļāļĒāļ·āļUtai Sukviwatsirikul
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āļŦāļĄāļ§āļāļāļĩāđ 5 āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļĨ
1. āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļ
āļĨāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđ āļŦāļąāļ§āļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļ āļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļ āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāđāļāļđāđāļŠāļāļ āļāļēāļāļ§āļāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļĄāļ
āļāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒ āļāļķāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļī SDL
1 Introduction to course Lecture Dr. Natapol 1 - -
2 Medical language and Medical terminology Lecture Dr. Natapol 3 - 5
3 Grammar and Academic Reading Lecture Dr. Usa 3 - 5
4 Grammar and Academic Writing Lecture Dr. Watana 3 - 5
5 Introduction to Research and Writing Lecture & practice Dr. Watana 3 3 5
6 Research articles in Health Sciences Lecture & practice Dr. Sutatip 1 2 5
7 Research oral presentation Lecture & practice
Dr. Watana &
Mr. Richard 1 2 5
8 Patient interview and History taking (1) Lecture
Mr. Richard &
clinicians 3 - 5
9 Patient interview and History taking (2) Practice
Mr. Richard &
clinicians - 3 5
10 Physical examination and Practice (1) Lecture
Mr. Richard &
clinicians 3 - 5
11 Physical examination and Practice (2) Practice
Mr. Richard &
clinicians - 3 5
12 Patient Medical Record and Operative note Lecture & practice
Dr. Suwannee &
Dr. Patcharada 1 2 5
13 Laboratory investigation and Intervention Lecture & practice
Dr. Peerapon &
Dr. Watchara 1 2 5
14 Discussion for Diagnosis and Explanation Lecture & practice Dr. Natapol 1 2 5
15 Health of the public
Small group
discussion Dr. Choomnoom - 3 -
16 Medical ethics Lecture Dr. Apichai 3 - 5
17 Research instruction, follow up and Presentation Lecture & Practice
Prof. Supasit &
Dr. Taweesak &
others 2 5 5
18 Postgraduate medical training in foreign countries Lecture & Seminar
Dr. Natapol &
others 1 3 -
āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļīāđāļ 30 30 75
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2. āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļđāđ
āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđāļē āļāđāļēāļ â āđāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļ (Summative evaluation) āļāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļķāđāļāđāļāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļŦāđ
āļŠāļļāļāļāđāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļāļē āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĻāļąāļĒāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāļāļĨ āļāļąāļāļāļĩāđ āļŠāļąāļāļŠāđāļ§āļ(%)
1. āļāđāļāļŠāļāļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļāļąāļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒ : 25%
- Listening comprehension (5%)
- Academic reading (5%)
- Academic writing (5%)
- Medical terminology (5%)
- Medical record (5%)
2. āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļĄāļāļī (Role playing) : 30%
- History taking and Physical examination (10%)
- Laboratory investigation and Intervention (10%)
- Discussion for diagnosis and Explanation (10%)
3. āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŠāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ (Research presentation) 10%
4. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ (Assignments) : 25%
- Research paper in English (15%)
- Operative note (5%)
- Medical ethics (5%)
5. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļĪāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄ (Small group discussion) 5%
6. āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāđāļāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļ (Attention) 5%
āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļīāđāļ 100%
āđāļāļāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĨāđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļīāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļāđ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāđāļ 2 āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ āđāļāļĒāļĄāļāļīāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢ
āļāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļ āļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđ āļŦāļēāļāđāļāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļāđ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāļĨāļēāļāļąāļāđāļāļĢāļ āļāļąāļāļāļĩāđ
āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļ°āđāļāļāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđāļāļĢāļ
=>80.00 A
75.00 â 79.99 B+
70.00 â 74.99 B
65.00 â 69.99 C+
60.00 â 64.99 C
55.00 â 59.99 D+
50.00 â 54.99 D
< 50.00 āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāļāđāļēāļ D
< 50.00 āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļ F
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āļŦāļĄāļ§āļāļāļĩāđ 6 āļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļ
1. āļāļēāļĢāļēāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨāļąāļ
1.1 Glendinning E.H. and Howard R., âProfessional English in Use Medicineâ,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
1.2 Glendinning E.H. and HolmstrÃķm B.A.S., âEnglish in Medicine, Third editionâ,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
1.3 āđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāđāļāļđāđāļŠāļāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļēāļ
1.4 āđāļ§āļāđāļāļāđ âāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĪāļĐāļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđ (English in Medicine)â
<http://www.med.nu.ac.th/pathology/Humanities/english.html>
2. āđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļēāļāļąāļ
2.1 Turley S.M., âMedical Languageâ, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
2.2 Akabayashi A., Kodama S., Slingsby B.T., âBiomedical Ethics in Asia: A Casebook for
Multicultural Learnerâ, McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), 2010
3. āđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļ°āļāļē
3.1 āļāļāļāļĨ āļŠāđāļĢāļāļĨ, āļĢāļāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāđāļāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđ., âWhatâs up Doc?â, āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļāļĢ: āļĨāļĨāļīāļ āļāļāļ
āļāļąāļĨāļāļīāđāļ āđāļāļīāļĢāđāļĄ, 2543.
3.2 āļāļīāļāļīāļāļĨ āļāļēāļāļ§āļīāđāļĢāļāļāđ, āļāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđ āđāļĨāļ° āļāļāļĐāđāļāļļāļāļāļēāļ āļāļēāļĢāļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļĐāđ, āļĢāļāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāđ., âEnglish
Handbook for Doctorsâ, āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļāļĢ: āļŠāļēāļāļąāļāļāļīāļĄāļāđāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđ, 2551.
3.3 Lloyd M. and Bor R., âCommunication Skills for Medicine, Third editionâ, London:
Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2009.
3.4 Le T., Bhushan V., Sheikh-Ali M., Shahin F.A., âFirst Aid for the USMLE STEP2 CS,
Third editionâ McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), 2010.
3.5 Siegel L.B., âClinical Skills Survival Guideâ, Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.
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3.1 Human Body Systems and Medical Specialties
- Gastrointestinal system â Gastroenterology [âintestin-â (Latin), âenter-â (Greek)]
- Respiratory system â Pulmonology
- Cardiovascular system â Cardiology [âvascul-, vas-â (Latin), âangi-â (Greek)]
[âcor-â (Latin), âcardi-â (Greek)]
- Blood and lymphatic system â Hematology and Immunology
- Integumentary system â Dermatology [âintegument-â (Latin), âdermat-â (Greek)]
- Muscular and skeletal system â Orthopedics
- Nervous system â Neurology [ânerv-â (Latin), âneur-â (Greek)]
- Urinary system â Urology
- Male genital and reproductive system â Male Reproductive Medicine
- Female genital and reproductive system â Gynecology and Obstetrics
- Endocrine system â Endocrinology
- Eyes â Ophthalmology
- Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system â Otolaryngology
3.2 Other Medical Specialties
- Neonatology and Pediatrics
- Geriatrics
- Psychiatry
- Oncology
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
- Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Forensic Medicine
- Pharmacology
- Dietetics
- Community Medicine, Family Medicine, Occupational Medicine, Preventive Medicine
3.3 Disease Categories
- Congenital: caused by an abnormality during fetus development or during the birth
process
- Degenerative: caused by the progressive destruction of cells due to disease or the
aging process
- Environmental: caused by exposure to external substances
- Hereditary: caused by inherited mutation of genetic material
- Iatrogenic: caused by medicine or treatment given to the patient
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- Idiopathic: no identifiable cause
- Infectious: caused by a pathogen
- Neoplastic: caused by the growth of transformed cells
- Nosocomial: caused by exposure to infection during hospital stay
- Nutritional: caused by insufficient or excess amounts of food or nutrients
3.4 Anatomy and Physiology
- Myocardium:
âmy-â (muscle) â o â âcardi-â (heart) â â-umâ (a structure)
- Vasoconstrition:
âvas-â (blood vessel) â o â âconstrict-â (narrowed) â â-ionâ (action)
3.5 Symptoms, Signs, and Diseases
- Edema:
from a Greek word meaning a swelling
- Angina pectoris:
âanginaâ (Latin) = sore throat, âpectorisâ (Latin) = of the chest
- Myocardial infarction (MI):
âmy-â (muscle) â o â âcardi-â (heart) â â-alâ (pertaining to)
âinfarct-â (area of dead tissue) â â-ionâ (condition or action)
3.6 Diagnostic Procedures
- Electrocardiography (ECG):
âelectr-â (electricity) â o â âcardi-â (heart) â o â â-graphyâ (process of recording)
- Echocardiogram:
âech-â (echo or sound wave) â o â âcardi- (heart) â o â â-gramâ (a record or
picture)
3.7 Medical and Surgical Procedures
- Auscultation: âauscult-â (listening) â â-ationâ (a process, being or having)
- Stethoscope: âsteth-â (chest) â o â â-scopeâ (instrument used to examine)
- CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft
- PTCA: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
(through skin) + (through the lumen of vessel) + (coronary artery) + (process of
reshaping by surgery)
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3.8 Medications
- Antihypertensive drug:
âanti-â (against) â âhyper-â (above, more than normal) â âtens-â (pressure,
tension) â â-iveâ (pertaining to)
- ACE Inhibitor drugs:
âAngiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorâ [blocking an enzyme that converts
angiotensin (âangi-â (blood vessel) â o â âtens-â (pressure, tension) â â-inâ (a substance)]
3.9 Abbreviation
- CCU: Coronary Care Unit
- CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy
3.10 Pronunciation
- Appendectomy: ap-pen-DEK-toh-mee
- Appendicitis: ap-pen-dih-SY-tis
- Neural: NYOOR-al
- Neurology: nyoo-RAWL-oh-jee
- Neuropathy: nyoo-RAWP-ah-thee
- Pneumonia: nyoo-MOH-nee-ah
3.11 Medical Dictionary
- Information on a medical dictionary: meanings, pronunciation, synonyms, derivations,
related terms, illustrations, useful appendices (abbreviations, measurements, clinical tests,
drugs, diagnosis, etc.)
- Dorlandâs Medical Dictionary, 32nd
edition, Saunders, 2011.
- Stedmanâs Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing, 28th
edition,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
- Mosbyâs Medical Dictionary, 8th
edition, Mosby, 2008.
3.12 Non-professional terminology (Lay term)
āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āļāļēāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļēāļāļāļ°āļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļŦāđ
āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļēāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļāđāļāļĒāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĩāđ
āđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđāļē Lay term āļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļ
- Cardiac arrhythmia: palpitations
- Analgesics: pain killers
- Hematemesis: vomiting blood
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- Myocardial infarction: heart attack
- Dyspnea: breathlessness
(Please read Turley (2007) for more information on medical terminology.)
4. āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩāļāđāļāļāļĒāđ (Foreign Language Use in Medical Practice)
āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļąāđāļ āđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļ°āļāđāļāļāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āļāļĩāđāļĄāļēāļĢāļąāļ
āļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩāļāđāļāļāļĒāđ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢāļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļŠāđāļ§āļ
āļĢāđāļ§āļĄāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđ āļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļļāļāļāļĨāļŦāļāļķāđāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āđāļāđāļāļāļēāļ§āļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļąāļāļĐāļ°āđāļ
āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļēāđāļāļĒ āļāļēāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļąāļ āđāļāđāļ āđāļāđāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĪāļĐ āļ āļēāļĐāļē
āļāļĢāļąāđāļāđāļĻāļŠ āļ āļēāļĐāļēāđāļĒāļāļĢāļĄāļąāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļēāļĄ āļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļļāļāļāļĨāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļēāđāļ āļāļđāļāļāđāļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļ
āđāļĄāđāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āđāļāđāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļāđāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢ āļŠāļīāđāļāļŠāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļēāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļđāđāđāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢ
āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩāļāđāļāļāļĒāđ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļ āļēāļĐāļēāđāļāļŦāļąāļ§āļāđāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļŠāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđ āļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ
1. āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āļāļēāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļ°āļāļēāļāļąāļ§ (Greeting and Introduction)
2. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļīāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ (Patient interview and History taking)
3. āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒ (Physical examination)
4. āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļēāļāļŦāđāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢ (Laboratory investigation and Intervention)
5. āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļ āļīāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĢāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđ (Discussion for Diagnosis)
6. āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļ āļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāđāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ (Explanation)
7. āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļēāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē (Planning for treatment)
8. āļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļēāđāļāļ°āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļąāļ§ (Giving advice) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĒāļēāļāļĢāļāđāđāļĢāļ (Prognosis)
9. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđāļāļāđāļāļāļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļđāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļēāļ (Referring for consultation)
10. āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē (Appointment for follow up treatment)
11. āļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāļēāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ (Academic Reading)
12. āļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ āļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ (Academic Writing)
13. āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŠāļāļāđāļāļŠāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŠāļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ (Presentation)
āđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļīāļĄ (References and Further readings)
1. āļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļĒāļŠāļāļēāļ. (2553). āļāļāļāļēāļāļļāļāļĢāļĄāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđ (āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļāđ) āļāļāļąāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļīāļāļĒāļŠāļāļēāļ.
āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļŊ : āļāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ āļĢāļļāđāļāļĻāļīāļĨāļāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļĄāļāđ (1977) āļāļēāļāļąāļ
2. āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļĒ āļĻāļĢāļĩāļāļāļ āđāļĨāļ° āđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĻāļąāļāļāļīāđ āļāļĨāļāļĒāđāļŠāļ (āļāļĢāļĢāļāļēāļāļīāļāļēāļĢ). (2552). āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢ (Language and
Communication) (āļāļīāļĄāļāđāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđ 3). āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļŊ : āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļļāļŽāļēāļĨāļāļāļĢāļāļĢāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒ
3. āđāļŠāļĢāļąāļāļāđ āļŦāļāļĻāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļ āđ. (2552). āļāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļ āļēāļĐāļē. āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļŊ : āļŠāļēāļāļąāļāļāļīāļĄāļāđāđāļŦāđāļāļāļļāļŽāļēāļĨāļāļāļĢāļāđāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒ
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4. Brooks, M. L., Brooks, D. L. (2010). Basic Medical Language (3rd
ed.). Missouri : Mosby
Elsevier.
5. Turley, S. M. (2007). Medical Language. New Jersey : Pearson Education.
6. Wuff, H.R. (2004). The language of medicine. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.
97:187-188.
7. Cohen, B.J. (2011). Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide (6th
ed.). Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
8. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus: Understanding Medical Words: A
Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine. Website:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicalwords.html
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āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļĨ (Assessment)
1. Listening comprehension: Short answer questions 15 āļāđāļ (25 āļāļ°āđāļāļ, āļāļīāļāđāļāđāļ 5%)
2. Role playing: āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđ Rubric score āđāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļļāļāļāļĨ (16 āļāļ°āđāļāļ, āļāļīāļāđāļāđāļ 10%)
āđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ° (Content)
1. āļāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļī āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļąāļ§āļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ
- Pain - Fever - Dizziness
- Nausea - Weakness - Shortness of breath
- Vomiting - Depressed mood - Joint pain
- Cough - Diet and Appetite - Weight loss and gain
- Headache - Numbness - Loss of conscious
- Bowel symptoms: abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, GI bleeding
- Urinary symptoms: dysuria, hematuria, anuria
- Bleeding per vagina, abnormal vaginal discharge
2. āļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļīāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ
2.1 Greeting and Introduction
- Good morning / afternoon / evening + Mr./Ms. + patientâs last name
- Iâm Dr. âĶâĶâĶâĶâĶ. . / My name is Dr. âĶâĶâĶâĶâĶ .
- Iâm a pediatrician. / Iâm an intern. / Iâm a medical student.
- Please have a seat. / Please sit down.
2.2 Asking for chief complaint
- Whatâs brought you to the hospital today?
- What can I do for you?
- What seems to be the problem?
- Could you tell me what brings you here today?
- What is your concern today?
- How can I help you today?
2.3 History of present illness and detail of present symptoms
- Where does it hurt? / Show me where it hurts.
- Which part of your head is affected?
- Can you describe the pain? / Whatâs the pain like? / What kind of pain is it?
- How bad is it?
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- How long does the pain last?
- Does it go anywhere else?
- When do they start? / When do they stop?
- Does anything bring them on?
- How often do you get them?
- Is there anything that makes them better? / worse?
- Does anything make them better? / worse?
- Is there anything else you feel at the same time? / Do you have any other
problems related to that?
- Have you had anything like this before?
2.4 Past medical history (General health, underlying disease, previous illness,
history of operation, history of accident and trauma, history of allergy and
medication)
- Have you had this problem or anything similar before?
- Have you been hospitalized before?
- Have you had any surgeries before?
- Have you had any accidents or injuries before?
- Do you have any allergies?
- Are you taking any medications, vitamins, over-the-counter drugs?
2.5 Family history
- Are your parents alive? Are they in good health?
- What did your mother/father die of?
- Does anyone in your family have the same problem or anything similar?
- And your brothers or sisters, are they in good health?
2.6 Personal history (age, occupation, marital status) and sensitive questions
(alcohol, drug abuse, smoking, sexual history)
- What type of work do you do?
- Are you married? Do you have children?
- Do you smoke?, How many packs a day?, How long have you been smoked?
- Do you drink alcohol?, What do you drink?, How much do you drink per week?
- Do you use any drugs such as marijuana, cocaine? How often do you use them?
- I would like to ask you some questions about your sexual health and practice.
- Are you sexually active?, Do you use condoms or other contraceptives?
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- Have you ever had a sexually transmitted disease?
2.7 Review of systems (HEENT, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Urinary,
Nervous, Musculoskeletal, Endocrine)
Closed questions
- Do you have any trouble / problem with your âĶ. ?
- Do you have any difficulty in âĶ. ?
- Have you ever had âĶ.. ? / Have you ever experienced âĶ. ?
- Is there any change in âĶâĶ. ? / trouble with âĶâĶ ? / problem with âĶâĶ ?
Opened questions
- Howâs your âĶ.. ? / How about your âĶâĶ. ?
- Whatâs your âĶâĶ.. like?
3. āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļĐāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĪāļĐāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļīāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ4
3.1 Factors which influence doctor-patient communication
1. Patient-related factors
- Physical symptoms: pain, ability to speak, consciousness, etc.
- Psychological factors related to illness: anxiety, depression, etc.
- Previous experience of medical care
- Cultural beliefs, attitudes, habits
- Current experience of medical care
2. Doctor-related factors
- Personality: outgoing, friendly, isolate, etc.
- Physical factors: illness, unhealthy, etc.
- Psychological factors: anxiety, irritable mood, etc.
- Self-confidence in ability to communicate in other languages
- Training in communication skills
3. The setting of the interview
- Privacy
- Comfortable surroundings
- An appropriate seating arrangement
3.2 General communication skills
- āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļĐāļ°āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢ āļāļ·āļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļāđāļ§āđāļāļķāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļąāļ (maintain
communication) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāđāļĄāđāļŦāļĨāļ§ (communication breakdown)
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- 5 āļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļŠāļēāļāļąāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļāļķāļāļāļķāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ
1. āļ§āļąāļāļāļ āļēāļĐāļē (verbal communication)
2. āļāļ§āļąāļāļāļ āļēāļĐāļē (non-verbal communication)
3. āļāđāļēāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļē (voice management)
4. āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļ (active listening)
5. āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ (cultural awareness)
3.3 Guidelines for conducting an interview
3.3.1 Beginning the interview: Receiving a patient
- Greet the patient and make him/her feel relaxed and comfortable
- Introduce yourself and your role
- Asking for the patientâs chief complaint as an opening statement
- Set the agenda for the interview
3.3.2 The main part of the interview:
- Present illness
- Past medical history
- Family history
- Personal history or social history
- Review of systems
3.3.3 Ending the interview:
- Conclusion of the interview, emphasize the important and relevant
parts of the patientâs history, and proceed to physical examination
āđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļīāļĄ (References and Further readings)
1. Glendinning E.H. and Howard R., âProfessional English in Use Medicineâ, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 102-107, 144.
2. Glendinning E.H. and HolmstrÃķm B.A.S., âEnglish in Medicine, Third editionâ, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 6-8.
3. Le T., Bhushan V., Sheikh-Ali M., Shahin F.A., âFirst Aid for the USMLE STEP2 CS, Third
editionâ McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), 2010, p.42-53.
4. Lloyd M. and Bor R., âCommunication Skills for Medicine, Third editionâ, London:
Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2009, p. 9-48.
5. āļāļīāļāļīāļāļĨ āļāļēāļāļ§āļīāđāļĢāļāļāđ, āļāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđ āđāļĨāļ° āļāļāļĐāđāļāļļāļāļāļēāļ āļāļēāļĢāļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļĐāđ, āļĢāļāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāđ., âEnglish Handbook
for Doctorsâ, āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļāļĢ: āļŠāļēāļāļąāļāļāļīāļĄāļāđāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđ, 2551, āļŦāļāđāļē 1-10.
45. 45 | P a g e
āđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ° (Content)
1. āļāļēāļĻāļąāļāļāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļ§āļ°āļāļāļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒ
1.1 Parts of the body1
(page 12-15, page 130)
1.2 Verbs used in instructions1
(page 145)
1.3 Basic instruments used in physical examination
- A stethoscope: bell, diaphragm, tubing, earpieces
- An ophthalmoscope
- An otoscope, tuning fork
- A sphygmomanometer: cuff, pump or hand bulb, valve, gauge
- A reflex hammer or a tendon hammer
1.4 Techniques for physical examination
- āļāļđ (inspection)
- āļāļąāļ (Auscultation)
- āļāļĨāļē (Palpation)
- āđāļāļēāļ° (Percussion)
2. āļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĒāđ1
2.1 āļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒ (Steps in physical examination)
2.1 āļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļ (Before taking physical examination)
- Asking for permission
- Explaining procedure
- Reassure the patients
- Put the patient at ease and comfortable
- Maintain the patientâs trust and respect the patientâs sense of dignity
- Wash your hands and warm them
2.2 āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļ (During the procedure)
- Giving instructions
- Keep the patient informed of what you are doing
- Assure the patient if he/she follows the instructions correctly
2.3 āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļŠāļĢāđāļāļŠāļīāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļ (At the end of the physical examination)
- Tell the patient when the exam is finished
- Sharing some of your findings
- Plan for further investigation
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2.2 āļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļŠāļāļāļāļē
2.2.1 Asking for permission
- Do you know what weâre going to do this morning?
- Iâm going to examine your âĶâĶ to find out whatâs causing the problem.
- What weâre going to do is âĶ.. / What happens is that âĶ..
- Are you ready?
- OK?
2.2.2 Giving Instructions
- Iâll ask you to âĶ..
- Could you lie on the couch? / Could you just âĶ.. ? /
- If you could just âĶ..
- What Iâd like to do is to examine you standing up.
2.2.3 Talking through the procedure
- You might feel a little bit of discomfort. Tell me if it hurt.
- This might hurt a little bit but Iâll be quick.
- Iâm just going to âĶ, Then, Iâll âĶ
- It wonât take long.
- Ok, thatâs it. All over.
2.2.4 Sharing your findings with the patients
- Well, Iâm fairly certain youâve got a âĶ
- One possibility is it could be what we call âĶ
- I havenât found anything to suggest any problems.
2.2.5 Complete physical examination
- Weight, height, vital signs
- HEENT (Heat-Eyes-Ears-Nose-Throat)
- Chest (Heart and Lungs)
- Abdomen
- Arms, legs and movement
- Private organs (both male and female)
- Mental status
47. 47 | P a g e
āđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļīāļĄ (References and Further readings)
1. Glendinning E.H. and Howard R., âProfessional English in Use Medicineâ, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2007.
2. Glendinning E.H. and HolmstrÃķm B.A.S., âEnglish in Medicine, Third editionâ, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
3. Le T., Bhushan V., Sheikh-Ali M., Shahin F.A., âFirst Aid for the USMLE STEP2 CS, Third
editionâ McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), 2010, p.53-63.
4. āļāļīāļāļīāļāļĨ āļāļēāļāļ§āļīāđāļĢāļāļāđ, āļāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļĒāđ āđāļĨāļ° āļāļāļĐāđāļāļļāļāļāļēāļ āļāļēāļĢāļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļĐāđ, āļĢāļāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāđ., âEnglish Handbook
for Doctorsâ, āļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļāļĢ: āļŠāļēāļāļąāļāļāļīāļĄāļāđāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđ, 2551, āļŦāļāđāļē 11-79.
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āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļĨ (Assessment)
1. Role playing: āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđ Rubric score āđāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļļāļāļāļĨ (16 āļāļ°āđāļāļ, āļāļīāļāđāļāđāļ 10%)
āđāļāļ·āđāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ° (Content)
1. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĪāļĐāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļđāđāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļēāļ
1.1 āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāđāļŦāđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļ āļīāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒ1
Uncertain Fairly certain Certain
Yes might
could
may
seems
probably
likely
is
must
No possibly
a possibility
unlikely canât
definitely not
exclude
rule out
āļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļ
- The patient might have appendicitis.
- Myocardial infarction is a possibility.
- After physical examination, he seems to have rheumatoid arthritis.
- There is no neck stiffness, Itâs unlikely that heâs got meningitis.
- From CT, he canât have a space-occupying lesion.
- Normal MRI scan excludes a parenchymal tumor.
- From the biopsy report, she must have an intraductal carcinoma of the breast.
1.2 āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŠāļāļāđāļāļŠāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄāđāļāļāļĒāđ2
āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŠāļāļāđāļāļŠāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄāđāļāļāļĒāđ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļ āļīāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢ
āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļąāđāļ āđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļđāđāļāļēāđāļŠāļāļāđāļāļŠ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļēāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ
1. Introduction
- Iâd like to present + patientâs name
- First of all, Iâll begin by presenting + patientâs name
60. 60 | P a g e
2. Patientâs age and occupation
- Mr. X is a 60-year-old bus driver.
- Ms. Y is a 50-year-old school teacher.
3. Presenting symptoms and duration
- He presented with a three-week history of pain in the legs.
- She presented with a two-day history of high grade fever.
4. Associated symptoms
- The pain was located around both ankles and had been increasing in intensity
and swelling.
- She also complained of coughing and having difficulty to breathe.
5. Past medical history
- There was no relevant previous medical history.
6. Social history
- He was divorced. He smoked 10 cigarettes a day for 30 years and drank about
one liter of whisky per week for more than 10 years.
7. Family history
- His father died of prostate cancer at the age of 75.
- His mother was alive and well.
8. Findings on examination
- On examination, there was + investigation findings
- Nothing was abnormal on the abdominal examination.
9. Investigation results
- Chest x-ray showed consolidation in the left lower lobe.
- EKG revealed no abnormal tracing and the level of cardiac enzymes were
within normal limit.
10. Diagnosis
- So we thought he had + name of the disease diagnosed
11. Treatment
- We gave him an intravenous antibiotic and + other treatments given
- He received + options of treatment prescribed
12. Outcome of treatment
- He responded to treatment well and was discharged home.
- His condition was not improved and he was transferred to the ICU.
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2. āļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļāđāļāļŠāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĪāļĐāļāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļŦāļąāļ§āļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ2
2.1 āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļ (Diagnosis)
āļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāļāļ°āļāļēāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļđāđāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ
- āļŠāļēāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļ āđāļĨāļ° āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļ§āļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļķāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļĢ
- āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļāđāļĢāļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļ
- āđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļĢāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļēāļŠāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļī
- āļāļēāđāļāļ°āļāļēāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļ§āļĒ
āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļ āļāļ°āļāđāļāļāļāļēāļāļķāļāļāļķāļ
1. āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāđāļĢāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļāļāļĩāđāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ
āļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļēāļ
2. āđāļāļāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāđāļāđāļēāđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāļēāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļĒāđāđāļāđ
āļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļ
3. āļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāđāļĢāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļĢāļāļāļąāđāļ āđ āđāļāđāļ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđ
āđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļē āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļĢāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļ·āđāļāļāđāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđāļāļēāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļ·āđāļ āđāļāđāļāļāđāļ
4. āļāļēāļāļēāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļ·āđāļ āđ āđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĩāđāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļīāļĄ
āđāļāļāļĒāđāđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒāđāļĢāļāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļāļīāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļēāļ āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļĢāļđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ
âExpressionâ + The name of condition or disease diagnosed
Useful expressions:
- Youâre suffering from âĶ
- Youâve developed âĶ
- You have âĶ
āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļąāđāļ āļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļāļ°āļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļāļĒāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļĒāđāđāļāđ
āļ§āļīāļāļīāļāļāļąāļĒ āđāļāļĒ āļāļēāļĄāļāļķāļāļŠāļēāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļī (cause), āļāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāđāļĢāļ (mechanism of disease),
āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĒ (physical examination) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļēāļāļŦāđāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢ (laboratory
investigation) āđāļāđāļāļāđāļ āļāļķāđāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§ āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļāļķāļāļāļķāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ°āļāļēāļāļąāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļĩāđ
1. āļāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļēāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļđāđāļāļļāļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāđāļēāđāļāđāļāđ (lay terms) āļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļēāļĻāļąāļāļāđāđāļāļāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°
āļāļēāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļĒāđ (medical jargon)
āļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļ
- hematuria = blood in the urine
- myocardial infarction = heart attack
- dyspnea = difficult to breathe, breathlessness