drinking water sources.

1. SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
ON EARTH
BY:
VAIBHAVI KADU
ROLL NO – 20
T.Y. B.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• WATER DEFINITION
• WATER ON EARTH
• DRINKING WATER
• SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
• HYDROLOGY
Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution
and quality of water on earth and other planets including the
hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed
sustainability.
WATER ???

4. WATER ON EARTH
• There is no shortage of water on
Earth. Most of our planet is covered
by water, but very little amount of
that water is available for humans to
drink.
• Less than 3% of the planet’s water
exists as fresh water.
• The earth is a watery place. Earth is
covered by 70% of water so it is also
called as “THE BLUE PLANET”.

6. DRINKING WATER
1) Free from pathogenic agents
2) Free from harmful chemical factors
3) Pleasure to the taste
4) Usable for domestic purpose

7. Sr.no CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD
1 Colour (hazen) 5
2 Taste and odour Unobjectiona
ble
3 Turbidity (N.T.U) 5
4 PH 6.5-8.5
5 Total dissolved solids(mg/litre) 500
6 Total hardness mg/l (as caco3) 300
7 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l 250
8 Sulphates (as So4) mg/l 200
9 Nitrates ( as No3) mg/l 45
10 Fluorides (as F) mg/l 1
11 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 75
12 Free residual chlorine (as Cl) mg/l 0.2
13 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3
14 Manganese (As Mn) mg/l 0.1
15 Total coliforms (MPN/100ml) 0
WHO guidelines for drinking water quality

8. Sources of Drinking Water
Surface Water Ground Water
Stream
River
Pond
Lake Impounded
Reservoir
Well Spring
Porous
Pipe
Galleries
In-
filtration
Galleries
Rain
water

9. STREAM AND RIVER
• Stream is a small channel along which water is continually flowing
down a slope; and made of small gullies.
• River is a large channel along which water is continually flowing
down a slope; and made of many streams that come together.
• All rivers and streams start at some high point. The high point can be
a mountain, hill or another elevated area.
• Water from some source like a snow melt or a lake starts at the high
point beings to flow down to lower points.
• As the water flows down, it may pick up more water from other
small streams. These streams may slowly join together to become
larger river.

11. River ganga
Stream

12. LAKE
• Lakes are inland bodies of standing water.
• Lakes can be formed by glaciers, tectonic plate movement, river and
wind currents.
• The quantity of water in the lakes depends on its basin capacity,
catchment area, annual rainfall and porosity of ground etc.
• Millions of lakes are scattered over earth’s surface, most are located in
higher latitudes and mountains areas.
• The great lakes of the united states and Canada are the world’s largest
system of fresh water.
• Canada alone contains almost 50 percent of the world’s lake.

13. TITICACA LAKE, SOUTH AFRICA

14. POND
• A pond is a body of standing water,
either natural or artificial, that is
usually smaller than lake.
• They may arise naturally in
floodplains as part of a river system.

15. RAIN-WATER
• Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for
depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth.
• Water vapor condenses and returns to Earth as precipitation, once
again replenishing reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and other sources of
water.
• Much of the rain that enters the ground filters down into subsurface
water-bearing rocks (aquifers) and eventually reaches lakes, streams,
and rivers where these surface-water bodies intercept the aquifers.

16. IMPOUNDED RESERVOIR
• A reservoir is an enlarged
natural or artificial lake,
storage pond or
impoundment created using
a dam or lock to store water.
• It is also known as storage
reservoir.
Sardar sarovar dam, Gujarat

17. SPRING
• Springs typically are present
where the water table
intersects the land surface.
• Springs can discharge fresh
ground water either onto the
ground surface, directly into
the beds of rivers or streams, or
directly into the oceans below
sea level. Mill Run Spring in Bath County.

18. INFILTRATION GALLERIES
• The ground water while
traveling can be obstructed
by digging a trench or by
constructing a tunnel with
holes onside at right angle,
to the direction of the flow
of underground water.
• This underground water
tunnel used for trapping
underground water near
rivers, lakes or streams are
called infiltration galleries.

19. WELL
• A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by
digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in
underground aquifers.
• A well is a human-made hole in the ground specifically used for
accessing groundwater. Wells come in different shapes and sizes,
but their use is generally the same.
• There are mainly three types of well:
1. Dug well
2. Driven well
3. Drilled well

20. DUG WELL
• Dug wells were excavated by hand
shovel to below the water table until
incoming water exceeded the
digger’s bailing rate.
• The well was lined with stones,
bricks, tile, or other material to
prevent collapse, and was covered
with a cap of wood, stone, or
concrete tile.
• Dug wells have a large diameter and
expose a large area to the aquifer.
This well is able to obtain water
from less-permeable materials such
as very fine sand, silt, or clay.

21. DRIVEN WELL
• Driven well are much more common in
today's society than dug wells because
they are wells that are created with a
small pipe driven into the ground.
• The pipe has a filter over the bottom to
keep out as much sediment as possible,
and that pipe is driven down into the
ground until it reaches the water table.
• Once the well is deep enough, all of the
dirt is washed out of the inside of the
pipe, and a pump is installed so that
water can be removed from the well.

22. DRILLED WELL
• These are most modern wells and are created by digging a hole in the
ground with machinery and can reach deeper into the ground than
both dug and driven wells.
• These wells can be drilled more than 1,000 feet deep.
• As a well is drilled, steel casing is inserted into the hole. This casing is
secured 10 feet into bedrock. Drilling will continue deeper into
bedrock until an adequate supply of water is discovered.

24. ARTESIAN WELL
• An artesian well is simply a well that
doesn’t require a pump to bring water
to the surface; this occurs when there is
enough pressure in the aquifer. The
pressure forces the water to the surface
without any sort of assistance.
• An aquifer is a geologic layer of permeable and porous rock such as
sandstone or limestone and that provides the water source for the
artesian well.
• The aquifer absorbs and stores water and in an artesian well the porous
stone is sandwiched between a top and bottom layer of impermeable
rock such as shale or clay. This causes positive pressure.

25. INFILTRATION WELL
• Infiltration well are shallow wells which is constructed under the bed
of rivers -water infiltrates from both bottom and sides.
• A hand pump, windmill or power pump is used to pump out water
from the well.
• Not affected by floods, silt/sand/gravel loads, and extremely low
waters in rivers/streams.
• Provides better quality water throughout the year. (filtration)
• The well can have radial porous pipes. (jack wells)

26. CONCLUSION
• Although earth has an abundant amount of water resources but for
drinking purpose we need fresh water which is very scarce. So we
should start conserving our valuable water resources.

27. REFERENCES
• http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/freshw
ater_supply/freshwater.html
• http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html
• http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep7j.htm
• http://www.mbgnet.net/fresh/lakes/pond.htm
• http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/lake.aspx
• http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesprings.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir
• http://healthvermont.gov/enviro/water/drilled_well.aspx
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/wells-definition-types.html
• http://www.wellowner.org/basics/types-of-wells/