India is the land of Science, Technology, Mathematics etc. Some of the Ancient Scientists who worked for the man kind are here.

3.  Nagarjuna (931 AD) was born at fort Daihak
in Gujarat.
 His writings are RASARATNAKARA,
ayurvedic treatises UTTARATANTRA,
AROGYAMANJARI, KAKSHAPUTATANTRA,
YOGASARA & YOGASTAK.
 In his treatise, he also listed the appartures that
was used by earlier alchemists, the possibility of
transmutation of base metals into gold.
 Till today these methods are used to
manufacture imitation jewelry.

4.  Aryabhata belong to the period of 476-550 AD.
 One of his major works was Aryabhattiya
written in 499 AD.
 The book dealt with many topics like
Astronomy, Spherical
Trigonometry, Arithmetic, Algebra & Plane
Trigonometry.
 Aryabhata’s computation of the Earth’s
circumference as 39,968.0582 KM was only 0.2%
smaller than the actual value 40,075.0167 KM.
 This approximation was a significant
improvement over the computation by Greek’s
whose calculation error is 5-10%.

5.  Kanada belongs to the period of 600
BCE.
 He was the founder of “VAISHESHIK
DARSHAN” one of the six principle
philosophies of India.
 He stated that “Every object of creation
is made of atoms which inturn connect with
each other to form molecules.”
 His statement ushered in the atomic
theory for the first time ever in the
world, nearly 2500 years before John
Dalton.

6.  Bhaskara was born in1114 AD in Vijayapura.
 He wrote
 Lilavati on Mathematics,
 Bijaganita on Algebra,
 Siddhanta Siromani on Mathematical
Astronomy,
 Vasanabhasya of Mitaksara views on
Siddhanta Siromani.
 He gave the numbers from Eka (1) to Parardha
(10^17).
 Where the English could calculate up to millions &
billions (10^9).

7. • Pingala presents the first
ever known description of
Binary Numeral System.
• His discussion of the
combinators of
meter, corresponds to the
binomial theorem.
• Pingala’s work also contains
the basic idea of Fibonacci
number (called Maatraameru).

8. • Manava belonged to 750-690 BC.
• Manava’s Sulabhasutra, like all the
Sulabhasutra’s, contained approximate construction of circles
from rectangles & Squares from circles.

9. • Katyayana belong to 3rd century BC.
• He dealt with the Sulabhasutras composed of right
sided triangles, rectangles & Rhombuses.
• His text on Sulabhasutras dealt with geometry, &
extended the treatment of the Pythagorean theorem.

10.  Charaka the “Father of Anatomy”
was of 300 BC.
 He was the first physician to
present the concept of
digestion, metabolism & immunity.
 He knew the fundamentals of
genetics like sex determination & few
causes of genetic disorders.
 Charaka wrote a book called
Charaka Samhita which contained
120 Chapters.

11. • Baudhayana (800 BC) was noted as
the earliest author of Sulabhasutras.
• His book is called as Baudhayana
Sulabhasutras.
• The known Pythagorean Theorem is
believed to have been invented by
Baudhayana.
• This theorem is used to calculate
Right Angled Triangle.

12. • Aryabhata-II (around 920 AD) had composed
Mahasiddhanta, a book on mathematical astronomy.
• It contained 18 chapters.
• The first 12 chapters contain astronomy, the longitudes of
planets, eclipses of sun & moon, the rising & setting of
planets.
• In Mahasiddhanta he gives in about twenty verses detailed
rules to solve equations like by=ax+c.

13. • Panini was born in present day
Pakistan (near Rawalpindi).
• He was a Sanskrit grammarian
who gave a comprehensive &
scientific theory of
Phonetics, Phonology & Morphology.
• A treatise called Astadhyayi is
Panini’s major work.
• The construction of
sentences, compound nouns
etc., explained in a manner similar to
modern world.

14. • The dharmasutra of Apastamba (600 BC) forms a larger
Kalpasutra of Apastamba.
• The mathematics given in Sulabhasutras is there to enable the
accurate construction of altars needed for sacrifice.
• The general linear equation is solved in the Apastamba
Sulabhasutra’s.
• He also gives remarkably accurate value for namely
1+1/3+1/(3*4)-1/(3*4*34) which gives an answer up to 5
decimal places exactly.

15. • The mathematician who first framed rules of operation for zero was
Bramhagupta.
• He was the founder of a branch of higher mathematics called
“Numerical Analysis”.
• He declared in his book Bramhaguptasiddhanta that addition or
subtraction of zero to or from any quantity, negative or positive doesn’t
affect it.
• About gravitation he said that “bodies fall towards earth as it is the
nature of the earth to attract bodies, just as it is the nature of water to
flow.”

16.  Divanji Varahamihra (505-587 AD) wrote
Panchasiddhatika Brihatsamhitha.
 Varahamihra made some important
mathematical discoveries.
 His Brihatsamhitha discusses the topics like
heavenly bodies, their moments &
conjunctions, meteorological phenomena.
 His claim that plants & termites serve as
indicators of ground water is now receiving
attention in scientific world.

17.  Sage Parasara is called the Father of
Botany.
 He classified flowering plants into
various families 2000 years before
Linnaeus.
 Parasara described plant cells-inner &
outer walls, sap-color matter which not
visible to the naked eye.
 Nearly 3000 years after Robert Hooke
using a micro scope described the outer &
inner walls & sap color material.

18.  Acharya Kapila (Father of
Cosmology) was the founder of
Sankhya Philosophy.
 His extraordinary & extrasensory
perceptions, observations & revelation
on the secrets of creation, brought him
the recognition as Father of
Cosmology.
 His pioneering work threw light on
the nature & principles of ultimate
Soul.

19.  Susruta was the first physician to
advocate what is today known as
“Caesarean” operation.
 He wrote a book called Susruta Samhita.
 It has description of 1120 illness, 700
medicinal plants, a detailed study on
Anatomy, 64 preparations from mineral
sources & 57 preparations based on animal
sources.
 He was expert in removing urinary
stones, locating & treating fractures & eye
operations for cataract.

20.  Patanjali (2nd Century BC) is the
compiler of the Yoga Sutras an
important collection of aphorisms on
Yoga practice.
 Research is in progress in
laboratories all over the world to probe
further the merits of yoga.
 What Patanjali advocated several
centuries is now receiving attention it
deserves.