Presentation on basics of inflammation. Use mainly in mbbs first year student Also useful in graduation

1.  Name:- Ajay Dadar
 Topic name:- Inflammation
 Roll no.:- 08
 Guided by:- Dr. Trupti Yawatkar Mam

2. Inflammation

3. Points to be covered….
 Introduction:-
 Causes:-
 Comparison:-
 Symptomatology:-
 Process of inflammation:-
 Components of inflammation:-
 Patterns of inflammation:-

4. Inflammation
 complex protective reaction
 caused by various endo- and exogenous
stimuli
 injurious agents are destroyed, diluted or
walled-off
 without inflammation and mechanism of
healing organism could not survive

5.  Inflammation is not a synonym for
infection, even in cases where inflammation
is caused by infection.
 Although infection is caused by a
microorganism, inflammation is one of the
responses of the organism to the pathogen.

6. Causes
 Burns
 Chemical irritants
 Frostbite
 Toxins
 Infection by pathogens
 Foreign bodies, including splinters, dirt and debris
 Stress
 Trauma
 Alcohol

7. Classification
 Inflammation can be classified as
(A) acute
(B) chronic.

8. Acute inflammation
 Acute inflammation is the initial response
of the body to harmful stimuli.
 Acute inflammation is achieved by the
increased movement of plasma and
leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from
the blood into the injured tissues.

9. Chronic Inflammation
 Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic
inflammation.
 characterized by simultaneous destruction
and healing of the tissue from the
inflammatory process.

10. Comparison between acute and
chronic inflammation
Interferon gamma-Functions as the primary activator of macrophages, in
addition to stimulating natural killer cells and neutrophils.

11. Cardinal Signs
Acute inflammation is a short-term process,
usually appearing within a few minutes or
hours and ceasing upon the removal of the
injurious stimulus. It is characterized by five
cardinal signs

13. Local symptomatology
 classical 5 symptoms
 1. (Calor) heat
 2. (Rubor) Redness
 3. (Tumor) swelling
 4. (Dolor) pain
 5. Functio laesa -loss (or impairment) of
function

14.  Redness and heat are due to increased blood
flow at body core temperature to the
inflamed site.
 swelling is caused by accumulation of
fluid.
 pain is due to release of chemicals that
stimulate nerve endings.
 Loss of function has multiple causes

15. Process of Acute Inflammation
 Vasodilation and its resulting increased
blood flow causes the redness (rubor) and
increased heat (calor).
 Increased permeability of the blood vessels
results in an exudation (leakage) of plasma
proteins and fluid into the tissue (edema),
which manifests itself as swelling (tumor).

16.  Some of the released mediators such as
bradykinin increase the sensitivity to pain
( dolor).
 The loss of function (functio laesa) is
probably the result of a neurological reflex
in response to pain.

17. Exudative Component
 The increased collection of fluid into the tissue
causes it to swell (edema). This extravasated fluid
is funneled by lymphatics to antibodies), into
inflamed tissue.
 The increased collection of fluid into the tissue
causes it to swell (edema).
 This extravasated fluid is funneled by lymphatics
to the regional lymph nodes. Flushing bacteria
along to start the recognition and attack phase of
the acquired (adaptive) immune system

18. Vascular changes
 vasodilation
– increased permeability of vessels due to widened
intercell. junctions and contraction of endothelial cells
(histamin,bradykinin)
 Increased permeability of the vessels results in the
movement of plasma into the tissues.
 Increased Blood Flow.

19. Cellular Component
 The cellular component involves leukocytes,
which normally reside in blood and must move
into the inflamed tissue.
 Some act as phagocytes, ingesting bacteria,
viruses, and cellular debris. Others release
enzymatic granules which damage pathogenic
invaders Leukocytes also release inflammatory
mediators which develop and maintain the
inflammatory response.

20. Morphologic Patterns
 Specific patterns of acute and chronic inflammation
are sem during particular situations that arise in the
body
 (A) Granulomatous inflammation: Characterised by
the formation of granulomas, they are the result of a
limited but diverse number of diseases (tuberculosis,
leprosy, sarcoidosis, and syphilis.)
 (B) Fibrinous inflammation: Inflammation resulting
in a larg increase in vascular permeability allows
fibrin to pass through the blood vessels. During
inflammation of the intestine (Pseudomembranous
colitis), pseudomembranous tubes c can be formed.

22.  Purulent inflammation: Inflammation resulting in
larg amount of pus, which consists of neutrophils,
dead cells and fluid. Infection by pyogenic bacteria
such a staphylococci is characteristic of this kind of
inflammation.
 Large, localised collections of pus enclosed by
surrounding tissues are called abscesses.
 Serous inflammation: Characterised by the copious /
Abundant effusion of non-viscous serous fluid,
commonly produced by mesothelial cells of serous
membranes.
Skin blisters exemplify this pattern of inflammation.

24.  Ulcerative inflammation: Inflammation
occurring near an epithelium can result in
the necrotic loss of tissue from the surface,
exposing lower layers. The subsequent
excavation in the epithelium is known as an
ulcer.

26. Thank you!!