1. Development
Through the Lifespan
Chapter 2
Biological and
Environmental
Foundations
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2. Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genotype Phenotype
Genetic make-up Observable
of an individual characteristics of
an individual
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3. Genetic Foundations
Chromosomes –
store and transmit
genetic information
Genes – segments of
DNA located along
the chromosomes
DNA – substance of
which genes and
chromosomes are
made
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4. Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex:
Terminology
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are
Autosomes
not sex chromosomes
23rd pair of chromosomes

Sex  Determines sex
Chromosomes 
XX = female, XY = male
Gametes Sex cells: sperm and ova
Zygote Sperm and ovum united
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5. Twins
Fraternal/Dizygotic
 two zygotes, or fertilized
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Identical/Monozygotic
 one zygote that divides
into two individuals
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6. Chromosomal Abnormalities
Down Syndrome
 problems with the
twenty-first
chromosome
Sex chromosome
abnormalities © Carlos Santa Maria/Dreamstime.com
 problems with the X
or Y chromosomes
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7. Reproductive Choices
Genetic counseling
Genetic testing
Prenatal diagnosis
and fetal medicine
Adoption
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8. Reproductive Technologies
 Donor insemination
 In vitro fertilization
 Surrogate mother
 New technologies
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9. Genetic Counseling
Helps couples:
 assess chances of hereditary
disorders
 choose best course of action
 risks
 family goals
Recommended when:
 couple has had difficulties
 aware of genetic problems
 woman is over 35
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10. Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
 Amniocentesis
 Chorionic villus sampling
 Fetoscopy
 Ultrasound
 Maternal blood analysis RubberBall Productions
 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
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11. Amniocentesis and
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Figure 2.5
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12. Adoption
Trends
 international adoption
 older children
 developmental issues
Exhibit some difficulties
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13. Environmental Contexts
for Development
 Family
 Socioeconomic status
and family functioning
 Affluence
 Poverty
 Neighborhoods, towns,
and cities
Cultural context
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
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14. Family Influences
on Development
Direct
 two-person relationships
Indirect
 third parties
Adapting to change
 changes from within
and outside the family RubberBall Productions
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15. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Social status
 years of education
 job prestige and skill
required
Economic status
 income
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16. Socioeconomic Status
and Family Functioning
 Timing and duration of family life
cycle
 Values and expectations
 Education, status of women
 Communication and discipline
styles
 Children’s cognitive Family Life
development
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17. Risks of Affluence
Alcohol and drug use
Anxiety
Depression
Unavailable parents
 overscheduled
 demanding
Modern Teen
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18. The Importance of Regularly
Eating Dinner as a Family
Figure 2.6
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19. Who Is Poor?
12.5% in United States
 parents under age 25 with
young children
 elderly living alone,
especially women
 ethnic minorities
 women
 children Senior Lifestyles
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20. Homelessness
23% of homeless are families with
children
 majority with children under age 5
 poor school attendance
 health issues
 developmental delays
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21. Benefits of Strong Community
Ties for Children and Adults
 Social interaction, activities
 Cooperation to provide clean,
safe environment
 Participation in important
tasks
 Mutual assistance
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22. Extended Families
Three or more generations
living together
More common in many
minority cultures
Benefits
 reduces stress of poverty Senior Lifestyles
 assistance for all generations
 emotional bonds, support
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23. Individualist and
Collectivist Societies
Individualist Collectivist
People define People define
themselves as themselves as part
separate from other of a group.
people. Stress group goals
Largely concerned over individual
with personal needs goals.
and goals.
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24. Genetic– Environment
Correlation
Passive correlation
Evocative correlation
Active correlation
 niche-picking
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