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Carrier Aggregation:
Fundamentals and
Deployments
Presented by:
Manuel Blanco
Agilent Technologies
© 2014 Agilent Technologies

Agenda
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
Design and test challenges
© 2014 Agilent Technologies2

Industry background
 263 LTE networks in more than 95 countries (+500 operators investing)
o Approximately 10% are TDD
o Less than 10% are using 20 MHz
www.gsacom.com
 157.7 million LTE subscribers (112 million added in the past 12 months)
o More than half in North America (79 million)
 Over 1,200 LTE capable devices available
o 40% can operate in Band 3 and Band 7
 LTE is the fastest developing mobile technology ever

Why LTE-Advanced?
IMT-Advanced Requirements
Based on an all-IP packet switch network
Scalable channel bandwidths between 5 and 20 MHz
Interoperability with existing wireless standards
Item Subcategory IMT-Adv LTE
Spectral
efficiency
(b/s/Hz)
Downlink
15
(4x4 MIMO)
16.3
(4x4 MIMO)
Uplink
6.75
(2x4 MIMO)
4.32
(64QAM)
Data rate
(Mbps)
Downlink 1000 300
Uplink 100 75

LTE-Advanced
New features
Carrier Aggregation Enhanced MIMO
Higher data rates
(bps)
Higher spectral effiency
(bps/Hz)
Higher spectral effiency
per coverage area
(bps/Hz/Km2)
Het-Nets

LTE-Advanced
New UE Categories
UE
Category
Data Rate
DL/UL
(Mbps)
Downlink Uplink
Max number
of layers
Max number
of layers
Support for
64QAM
1 10 / 5 1 1 No
2 50 / 25 2 1 No
3 100 / 50 2 1 No
4 150 / 50 2 1 No
5 300 / 75 4 1 Yes
6 300 / 50 2 or 4 1 or 2 No
7 300 / 100 2 or 4 1 or 2 No
8 3000 / 1500 8 4 Yes
LTELTE-A

Agenda
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation

Carrier Aggregation – Fundamentals
 Bandwidth extension by aggregating LTE component carriers (CC)
o Up to 5 CC can be allocated in both DL and UL – 100 MHz aggregated
o Components carriers are backwards compatible with Release 8 terminals
o Symmetric or asymmetric DL/UL CA configurations
 Motivation
o Higher peak data rates
o Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum
o Enable 150 Mbps (Category 4) in typical
deployments where 20MHz contiguous spectrum
is not an option
Aggregated
Data Pipe
10MHz
DL Carrier 1
10MHz
DL Carrier 2
Carrier Aggregation is the first step of LTE Advanced

 PCC (Primary Component Carrier)
oHandle the RRC/NAS procedures
oMeasurement reports and mobility
oUEs using the same set of CCs, can have
different PCC
oRole only changed with handover
oPUSCH is mandatory
 SCC (Secondary Component Carrier)
oUE handles up to 4 SCC
oConfigured using RRC signaling procedures
oCan be dynamically activated/de-activated
using a MAC control element
oActivated only when in CONNECTED mode
oPUSCH is optional - asymmetric CA
SCC SCCPCC
Downlink
PCC SCC
Uplink

PCC UE
RRC Connection
MME
Attach Request
Authentication and NAS Security
AS Security
UE capabilities
Attach Accept + Default EPS
SCC
Release 8
PS Attach
Band 4 - 10 MHzBand 17 -10 MHz
Data Link (single carrier) 73 Mbps

PCC
RRC Connection
MME
Attach Request
AS Security
UE capabilities
RRC Reconfiguration
+ Add SCC
SCC
Release 8
PS Attach
Release 10
SCC Addition
& Activation
Band 17 -10 MHz Band 4 - 10 MHz
UE

Physical cell ID and
DL frequency
channel
Common configuration:
DL and UL channel BW,
uplink EARFCN,
antenna config,
physical channels config, power
control config
Dedicated configuration:
Transmission mode,
physical channels config,
cross-carrier scheduling,
CSI-RS config Source: 3GPP TS 36.331
SCC Configuration at RRC level
Screen capture of the Agilent Trace log and debug application (Trace Spy II)

PCC
RRC Connection
MME
Attach Request
AS Security
UE capabilities
RRC Reconfiguration
+ Add SCC
SCC
Release 8
PS Attach
Release 10
SCC Addition
& Activation
MAC control element
Data Link (2 CC aggregated) 147 Mbps
Band 17 -10 MHz Band 4 - 10 MHz
UE

Band A Band B
Intra -band
contiguous
Resourceblock
f
≈
Resourceblock
f
Intra-band
non-contiguous
Inter-band
non-contiguous
Resourceblock
f
Band A
Band A
Modes and Deployments

Release 10:
o Signaling to support up to 5 CC
o Scenarios limited to 2 CCs
o Maximum aggregated bandwidth is 40MHz
o Prioritized support intra band contiguous and inter band
o Rest of scenarios were postponed to later Releases
Intra - band Contiguous CA
E-UTRA
CA
Band
E-UTRA
operating
Band
Uplink (UL) band Downlink (DL) band
Duplex
mode
UE transmit / BS receive
Channel
BW MHz
UE receive / BS transmit
Channel
BW MHzFUL_low (MHz) – FUL_high
(MHz)
FDL_low (MHz) – FDL_high
(MHz)
CA_40 40 2300 – 2400 [40
1)
] 2300 – 2400 [40
1)
] TDD
CA_1 1 1920 – 1980 40 2110 – 2170 40 FDD
[1) For the first phase of LTE TDD CA for UE side, with eventual goal for 50MHz]
Inter - band Non -Contiguous CA
E-UTRA
CA Band
E-UTRA
operating
Band
Uplink (UL) band Downlink (DL) band
Duplex
mode
UE transmit / BS receive Channel
BW MHz
UE receive / BS transmit
Channel
BW MHzFUL_low (MHz) – FUL_high
(MHz)
FDL_low (MHz) – FDL_high
(MHz)
CA_1-5
1 1920 – 1980 10
1)
2110 – 2170 10
FDD
5 824 – 849 10
1)
869 – 894 10
1) Only one uplink component carrier is used in any of the two frequency bands at any time.
Inter-band Intra-band cont
1 23
CABandCombinations
Rel.10

Release 11:
o Support multiple timing advances (required for UL CA)
o Core requirements for intra-band non-cont
o Performance requirements for new inter-band and
intra-band combinations
Inter-band
1 23
CABandCombinations
24
CABandCombinations
Rel.10
Intra-band cont
Intra non-cont
Rel-11 inter-band Carrier Aggregation Rapporteur
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7 TeliaSonera
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 17 AT&T
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 13 Ericsson (Verizon)
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 12 Leap Wireless
Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 12 US Cellular
Carrier Aggregation of Band 7 and Band 20 Huawei
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 20 Vodafone
Carrier Aggregation of Band 8 and Band 20 Vodafone
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5 SK Telecom
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 7 Rogers Wireless
Carrier Aggregation of Band 11 and Band 18 KDDI
Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 18 KDDI
Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 19 NTT DoCoMo
Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 21 NTT DoCoMo
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 8 KT
Rel.11
119
5

1
Release 12:
o Core requirements uplink CA in inter-band
o Performance requirements for intra-band non-contiguous
o Core analysis for 3 component carriers in inter-band
19
Inter-band
1 23
CABandCombinations
24
CABandCombinations
48 12
Inter-band
25
Inter 3 CC
95
CABandCombinations
Intra-band cont
10
Intra non-cont
Rel.10
Rel.11
Intra-band cont
Intra non-cont
5
Rel.12

Agenda
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation

 Impact on higher layers:
o Enhanced user plane to support higher data rates
o Modifications and new additions on existing RRC procedures:
 Reconfiguration message to support Addition/Release of SCC
 Report of new UE categories and capabilities
Impact on UE design
NAS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
NAS
MME UE
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
PCCSCC
- None
- Larger buffer
- None
- Addition and removal SCC
Carrier Aggregation impact

Impact on UE design
o Multiple PHY and aggregated MAC:
 One PHY layer per CC
 Data aggregation happens at MAC layer
 MAC must handle scheduling on multiple CC
 Support of cross-carrier scheduling
o Complex transceivers design:
 Highly challenging radio environment in terms of spur and self-blocking
 Front-end needs to be designed to support multiple frequency band
combinations
 MIMO + multi chain makes antenna design even more challenging
PHY, MAC and RF are the most challenging

Design and Test Challenges
Challenge #1 : When Inter-Band aggregation and MIMO spatial multiplexing is
combined, test set-ups may become quite complex.
T2010A
LTE Wireless Communications Test Set
21
PCC
SCC
UE
+
+
T2010A
Channel
Emulator
RF RX Performance Test Scenario
• 2CC aggregation
• MIMO 4x2
• Closed loop spatial multiplexing
• RF impairments
Channel
Emulator

TR 36.850 and 36.851 Inter-band carrier aggregation
Scope: To gather relevant background and studies to address Inter-band carrier
aggregation requirements (Release 11)
Class Description
A1
Low-high band combination without harmonic relation
between bands or intermodulation problem
A2
Low-high band combination with harmonic relation between
bands
A3
Low-low or high-high band combination without
intermodulation problem (low order IM)
A4
Low-low, low-high or high-high band combination with
intermodulation problem (low order IM)
A5 Combination except for A1 – A4
Harmonics may cause
degradation in the performance of
the high band receiver
The use of diplexers to split and
combine RF chains are very
challenging
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.

710 MHz
Band 17 Band 4
Class A2 example: Band 4-17
Uplink
PCC SCC
740 MHz 2130 MHz
Downlink Downlink

3rd harmonic
Class A2 example: Band 4-17
710 MHz 740 MHz 2130 MHz
Band 17 Band 4
Uplink Downlink Downlink
PCC SCC

Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Release 8
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -93.3 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
Band A
Band A
Band B
Band B
Antenna
tuner
SwitchSwitch
H3Trap
Band 17
Band 4

D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
Band A
Band A
Band B
Band B
Antenna
tuner
SwitchSwitch
H3Trap
Band 17
Band 4
Release 8
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -93.3 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
6.8dB due to noise floor increase
caused by harmonic
Note: This is an exception allowed when the
uplink active in the lower frequency operating
band.
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1

D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
Band A
Band A
Band B
Band B
Antenna
tuner
SwitchSwitch
H3Trap
Band 17
Band 4
Release 8
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -93.3 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
0.5 dB due to H3 trap filter
insertion loss

Release 8
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -92.8 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
0.5 dB due to H3 trap filter
insertion loss
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1

LTE T4000S Test Systems
T4110S
LTE Protocol Tester
T4020S
LTE RRM Tester
ALL BASED ON THE SAME
HARDWARE PLATFORM
T4010S
LTE RF Tester
T2010A
LTE Wireless Communications Test Set

3GPP Conformance Status
• 63 New RF test cases
• 16 New RRM test cases
• 36 New Protocol test cases
 Ongoing! CA test cases in a new WI which covers intra-band non-contiguous
• 13 New RF test cases
• 18 New Protocol test cases
 New test cases for inter-band without UL CA and intra-band contiguous with and
without UL CA
 Outlook! New CA test cases expected in Rel-12 (inter-band with 2 uplinks)

SUMMARY
 Carrier aggregation is the first step of LTE Advanced enabling:
o Higher IP data rates
o Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum
 Inter-Band with 2 component carriers aggregated in the downlink is one of
the most demanded combinations today
 Carrier aggregation is a huge topic in Conformance with a lot of new test
cases defined and more in the pipeline

• Unique receiver test
Flexible channel allocation
and closed-loop testing
• Trusted transmitter test
X-Series measurement
science
• Sustained bidirectional
300 Mbps / 50 Mbps E2E IP data
• Most highly integrated solution:
multiple cells, carrier aggregation,
4x2 DL MIMO, integrated fading and
built-in application server
Ensure realistic category 4 / 6 performance
Achieve design confidence
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
CAT 6
Device
DL: 300Mbps
UL: 50 Mbps
E7515A UXM Wireless Test Set
Make a clear call
Join “Overcome LTE-A UE Design Test Challenges with Agilent’s New UXM” webcast here

Agilent Resources
• LTE-Advanced application and product info: www.agilent.com/find/lteadvanced
• T4000S LTE/LTE-A Conformance and DV Systems: www.agilent.com/find/t4000s
• E7515A UXM Wireless Test Set: www.agilent.com/find/E7515A
• 89600 VSA product information: www.agilent.com/find/vsa
• X-Series signal analyzer product information: www.agilent.com/find/xseries
• Signal Studio product information: www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio
LTE-Advanced Documents
• Application Note: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-6706EN.pdf
• Requirements TR 36.913: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/36913.htm
• Study Technical Report TR 36.912: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/36912.htm
For more information…

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