Lawn

1
Dr. Vijayakumar B. Narayanapur
Asst. Prof. (Horticulture)
University of Horticultural Science, Bagalkot,
Karnataka , India

LAWN
• Lawn is beautiful green ground cover with
perennial grass.
• Also called as a natural green carpet.
• A lawn is the heart of a garden.
• It is the basic feature for home ground
development
• In home garden
• improves the appearance of the house,
• enhances the beauty,
• Increase conveniences
• It adds monetary value to the real estate
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• Lawn also provide
–Perfect setting for
• flower beds
• A border
• A shrubbery
• A specimen of tree or a shrub
–Besides ,
• the lawn has spiritual value too
• Lawn is source of charm and pride
• reduces tension of mind after a days’ hard work
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IMPORTANCE.
• Lawn is one of the most important features of a
garden
• “Without a lawn no garden is complete and
beautiful as the beauty of the garden largely
depends on the condition of the lawn.”
• Main point of attraction of the garden.
• Provides a place for takings rest after the day’s
hard work.
• Ideal place for holding parties and different
Social functions.
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Characters' of lawn grasses
 It should develop quickly.
 The grass must have compact growth.
 It should withstand regular mowing.
 It should tolerate Cold and drought.
 The grass should be soft to touch and not
patchy,
 Should not give fowl and bad odour
 Should look fresh and remain green
throughout the year.
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SITE SELECTION
• The selected site for making lawn should
get full sunlight and the best situation is the
southern side of the house.
• The site selected should be in south-east or
south west direction of house or any
building.
• Lawn grass do not grow well under the
shade.
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• More over,
–The dried leaves of trees fall on the lawn grass
make the lawn dirty, hence it is desirable that
no big trees should be existing in the site
selected
–Trees selected should provide shade during
summer for sitting and should not shed leaves
without adversely affecting the lawn
–Soil moisture capacity and drainage are very
important
• Poor drained soil- grass will perish
• Highly porous soil- Frequent irrigation
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SOIL…
• For establishment of a good lawn fertile
loamy soil is ideal.
• Soil should be rich in humus content.
• It should have good moisture holding
capacity and at the same time it should
have good drainage
• Depth of soil shold be at least 25-30 cm for
luxuriant growth
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• A slightly acidic soil having pH between
5.5 to 6.0 is good growth of grass.
– Low pH-½kg/m2 of chalk or grounded lime stone
– Alkaline soil- Gypsum- ½kg/m2
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SOIL…

Drainage…
• Selected site- proper drainage
• Grasses are shallow rooted herbs and no
deep drainage is necessary, but
• No water should stagnate in the root zone
• Clayey soils- Drainage pipes or by putting a
layer of bricks and rubbish 90cm bellow the
surface
• Ordinary drainage – carried out with grading
and levelling 13

• Rough surface leveling by eye estimation- prior to
digging
• Shifting and filling of soil done – if necessary
• After rough levelling- thorough preparation of land
is necessary- by digging
• Very often digging- contribute to the failure of lawn
• Digging should be done by trenching method- other
wise the gardener fail to dig to the desired depth
• To ensure proper depth- trench of 60cm deep and
45 cm width dug at one side of the site
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…Drainage..

• During digging- old masonry, grass roots, stones
etc., should be removed
• Special care should be taken to remove the
roots of Motha grass (Cyperus rotundus)
• Digging should be done during – April –May-
sterilize the soil, kill weed seeds, insects and
harmful micro organisms
• Soil should be turned up subsequently 2-3
times at weekly intervals, - each time clods of
earth, if any are broken and roots of weeds are
removed
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…Drainage

Manuring and Grading
• After digging is over,
– Soil is manured and graded
• If the soil is already fertile- Don’t apply organic manure-
weed seeds
• Poor soil-FYM, night soil manure, stable manure-
500kg/100 m2
• The manure is worked up to a depth of 15-20cm
• Any freshly dug soil will take long time for settleing
• In heavy rainfall areas- soil get settled due to pouring rain
• In low rainfall areas- flooding is done to notice the
depression and filled with soil and finally leveled using
spirit level 16

Selection of grasses
• Most suitable in India- Hariyali- Doob
grass Cynodon dactylon
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Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species)
— Cynodon spp.

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• Bermudagrass is a warm-season grass well adapted
to warm regions.
• Does best in full sun and high temperatures.
• During extended low temperatures- will turn
brown.
• Bermudagrass is well adaptable - very water-
efficient
• Has few pest problems.
• Both seeded and hybrid varieties are durable and
withstand heavy use during the spring, summer,
and early autumn months when they are actively
growing,
Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species) — Cynodon spp.

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Identifying tips
• A medium to coarse-textured gray-green
grass. Leaves are folded in the bud.
• Hybrids are more fine-textured and vary in
color from deep blue-green to dark green.
• Bermudagrass loses its color and becomes
dormant in most locations during the cooler
months of late autumn and winter.
• It spreads both by rhizomes and stolons.

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Maintenance
• Low to high maintenance.
• Seeded Bermuda grass requires only moderate
nitrogen and infrequent watering.
• Hybrid varieties - higher maintenance because they
require more nitrogen and a closer and more frequent
mowing cut.
• Regular edging will keep hybrids contained.
• BG has a low tolerance for shade and cold
temperatures,
• but it can tolerate drought conditions and high
temperatures.
• Bermudagrass has a high tolerance for salinity.

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Planting and management tips for bermudagrass
Mowing
• Mow short to produce neat, restrained turf.
• Mow frequently during warm months.
• Mow seeded bermudagrass at 1 - 1.5 inches; both rotary and
reel lawn mowers can be used.
• Mow hybrids at 0.5 - 0.75 inches; a reel mower should be used.
Fertilizing
• Fertilize using 2 - 4 lbs. nitrogen/1000 sq. ft. per year during the
period of active growth (April - September) for seeded
bermudagrass.
• More attention is required for hybrid varieties; fertilize using 4 -
6 lbs. Nitrogen/1000 sq. ft. per year during the period of active
growth (April - September).

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Planting
• Establish seeded bermudagrass from seed in areas where
adapted.
• Seed at 1 lb. seed/1000 sq. ft.
• Establish hybrids vegetatively from sod, stolons or sprigs (4 - 6
bushels/1000 sq. ft.), and plugs.
Irrigation
• Water infrequently.
• Water deeply to develop a healthy root system.
• Avoid frequent, shallow watering.
Special problems-
• Bermudagrass mite, Dichondra flea beetle, Fiery skipper, Spring
dead spot
• Invasive
• Hybrid bermudagrass requires frequent mowing
• Dormant in winter
Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species) —
Cynodon spp.

• St. Augustine grass
• Stenotaphrum secundatum
• Other Names: Buffalo grass, centipede grass
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Poa pratensis, commonly known as Kentucky
bluegrass, smooth meadow-grass, or common meadow-
grass,
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Kentucky bluegrass-Poa pratensis,
• It is a perennial species of grass native
to Europe, Asia, North America, and
northern Africa.
• Poa pratensis forms a valuable pasture
plant, characteristic of well-drained, fertile
soil.
• Used for making lawns in parks and gardens
and is common in cool moist climates
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Kentucky bluegrass — Poa
pratensis

Kentucky bluegrass — Poa pratensis
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Boat-shaped tip and parallel-sided leaf blades
Overall plant structure of
Kentucky bluegrass

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Qualities
• Kentucky bluegrass is a cool-season grass
• Its growth slows during the warm summer months.
• prefers full sun, but will tolerate some shade.
• It is susceptible to disease and weed invasion.
• For a more disease resistant turf and good color and
year-round performance, Kentucky blue grass is mixed
with perennial rye grass.
• Usually 2 or more cultivars of each species are used
and it is recommended that at least 15% of the mixture
is perennial ryegrass.

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Identifying tips
• A dark-green, medium-textured turf. The new leaves
are folded in the bud,
• Kentucky bluegrass produces a dense turf.
Maintenance
• Moderate to high maintenance.
• Tolerate cold winters but has a relatively low
tolerance for heat
• Moderately drought tolerant.
• During the summer months if stressed for water,
Kentucky bluegrass can go dormant.
• It has moderate wear tolerance, recovering
quickly from some abuse.

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Qualities
• a cool-season grass well
adapted to sunny conditions
and moderate temperatures.
Annual ryegrass — Lolium multiflorum
Also known as Italian
ryegrass or winter grass,
• it is often sown at high rates to over seed warm-season
turf grasses for fall, winter, and early spring color or to
provide temporary cover for soil stabilization.
• It is not otherwise used for turf.
• Annual ryegrass dies in the late spring to early summer.
• It often turns yellow and dies before warm-season
grasses come out of dormancy.

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Collar of annual ryegrass
annual ryegrass

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Identifying tips
• A coarse, shiny lime-green grass.
• Leaves are rolled in the bud and long, narrow
claw-like auricles are present.
• Annual ryegrass is a bunchgrass with an
upright growth habit and shallow roots.
Maintenance
• Has low tolerance for drought, shade, and
extreme high and low temperatures.
• It is only moderately wear resistant.

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Zoysiagrass — Zoysia spp.
Qualities
• It is a warm-season grass
• adapted to warm climates.
• slow to become establish
• Zoysia spp. is very water
efficient with few pest
problems.
• It prefers full sun but will
tolerate some shade.
• Zoysiagrass forms a thick turf,
prickly to the touch.
Collar of zoysiagrass

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Two common species
• Zoysia tenuifolia, a fine-leafed
dwarf plant used as ground cover,
• Zoysia japonica, a Japanese lawn
grass that is very drought tolerant.
• 'Emerald', 'El Toro', 'Victoria', and
'DeAnza' are new varieties that tend
to become established quickly.
Zoysiagrass — Zoysia spp.

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Identifying tips
• fine to medium-textured, dark-green grass.
• The leaf is rolled in the bud, there are no auricles, and the ligule
is a fringe of hairs. The leaf blade is stiff, short, narrow, and
pointed.
• Zoysia grass is a low-growing grass that spreads by stolons and
rhizomes.
• It is uniform, dense grass turns brown when it goes dormant
during winter.
Maintenance
• Low maintenance.
• high tolerance for heat, drought, and heavy traffic.
• tolerate some shade.
• requires little nitrogen, however it retains better color during
cool weather if fertilized during the fall.
• difficult to mow evenly.
Zoysia grass — Zoysia spp.

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Hard fescue — Festuca longifolia
Collar of hard fescue Overall plant structure of hard fescue
Qualities
• Hard fescue is a cool-season grass often used in cool-season
grass seed mixtures when shade is an expected problem.
• It does well on low fertility soils and in shaded areas.
• This species is good as a non-mowed turf for slopes, median
strips, and non used areas of parks.
• It does not recover well from severe injury.
• It is not tolerant of high summer temperatures.

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Identifying tips
• A very fine-bladed grayish to dark-green grass.
• The leaves are folded in the bud, there are no auricles,
and a membranous ligule is present.
• Hard fescue is a bunch grass with a semi-erect growth
habit and heavy roots.
Maintenance
• Low maintenance. Hard fescue is often not
mowed and can be left unmowed (it doesn't
respond well to close mowing).
• It has a low fertility requirement and has a high
tolerance for drought, shade, and cold
temperatures.

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Seashore paspalum — Paspalum vaginatum
• Seashore paspalum is a very salt tolerant warm-season
grass with desirable turf grass characteristics.
• This specialty grass is sometimes used in warm-season
areas where either the soil or irrigation water has a
high salt content.
• It does well near the ocean where it is subject to
saltwater.
• Improved cultivars have been developed.

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Identifying tips
• A medium to coarse-bladed grass
• dense root system and an aggressive growth habit.
• This light to medium-colored grass spreads by rhizomes.
Maintenance
• Moderate maintenance.
• Seashore paspalum requires moderate amounts of water and
fertilizer and needs frequent mowing to maintain a low cut.
• This species is hard to mow and is somewhat slow to recover
from mowing damage.
• It has a high tolerance for heat and salt and will tolerate some
shade.
• Seashore paspalum can tolerate some traffic and can recover
quickly from moderate wear during spring and summer.
Seashore paspalum — Paspalum vaginatum

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Buffalo grass — Buchloe dactyloides
Qualities
• Buffalo grass is a warm-season grass
• most drought-resistant grasses,
• relatively low turf quality,
• low shade tolerance, and
• relatively high seed and sod cost.

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Buffalo grass — Buchloe dactyloides
Identifying tips
• fine-textured grayish-green grass.
• low-growing grass and spreads by stolons
Maintenance
• Very low maintenance.
• survive with very little fertilizer, water, and mowing.
• drought resistant
• If not irrigated, will turn brown during the summer;
• it will recover well once irrigation has resumed.
• very shade intolerant.
• Many cultivars of this species can survive cold winter
temperatures through dormancy.
• Mowing before emergence from winter dormancy will
remove brown, dead foliage and hasten spring green-up.

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Rough bluegrass — Poa trivialis
Qualities
• best adapted to wet,
cool and shady areas.
• A cool-season grass,
it is sometimes used
for shaded turf in the
fog belt areas and
• can be used to
overseed dormant
bermudagrass.

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Identifying tips
• A fine-bladed yellow-green grass.
• shallow root system and spreads by
stolons
Maintenance
• Moderate maintenance.
• Rough bluegrass requires rich soils and a
lot of water.
• tolerates low temperatures,
• not tolerate wear, heat or drought.
Rough bluegrass — Poa trivialis

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Dichondra — Dichondra spp.

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Qualities
• Dichondra is a warm-season perennial ground cover,
• best adapted for cool coastal conditions.
• grow in partial shade, but does best in full sun.
• Because dichondra does not tolerate heavy traffic, it is best adapted for small
areas rather than large lawns or where mowing is difficult.
• Broadleaf weed invasions are common and can be difficult to manage.
Identifying tips
• A bright green ground cover with broad, circular leaves.
• Dichondra is not a grass, but a low-growing broadleaf ground cover.
Maintenance
• High maintenance for water and fertilizer.
• requires well-drained soil and has a high nitrogen requirement.
• It has a low tolerance for salinity, drought, and very cold temperatures but
tolerates some heat.
• Mowing is a matter of personal preference; it may either be mowed or remain
unmown.
• Dichondra recovers only partially from moderate wear.
Dichondra — Dichondra spp.

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Red fescue — Festuca rubra
Qualities
• Red fescue is a cool-season grass
• used in cool, shaded, mountain
sites, such as camps, resorts, and
cabins where low-input of
mowing, fertilization, and
irrigation is desired.
• It does not do well in hot climates,
except in shady, dry situations.
• In areas where Kentucky bluegrass
does well, red fescue forms an
excellent companion grass to
increase shade tolerance.
• Red fescue germinates and
establishes slowly. It is moderately
wear resistant.

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Identifying tips
• A very fine-bladed grass with a deep green color.
• Red fescue has two distinct growing habits:
• Creeping red fescue -spreads very slow by very short
rhizomes and
• Chewings fescue- is a bunchgrass with an upright growth
habit.
Maintenance
• Very low maintenance.
• It does not require much fertilizer and does not need excesssof
water.
• A high mowing cut is recommended.
• has a high tolerance for cold temperatures and shade, moderate
tolerance for drought and wear, and low tolerance for heat.
Red fescue — Festuca rubra

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Creeping bent grass — Agrostis stolonifera

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Creeping bent grass — Agrostis stolonifera
Qualities
• Creeping bentgrass is a cool-season specialty grass
• primarily used for golf course putting greens, lawn bowling greens, and lawn
tennis facilities.
• The skill and expense needed to maintain this species usually eliminates it as
a possible home lawn turf.
• It is adapted to cool, humid regions and prefers sunny areas but will tolerate
some shade.
• It tolerates low temperatures but will discolor early in the fall.
Identifying tips
• A very fine-textured bright green grass.
• Creeping bentgrass is a low-growing grass with a shallow root system.
• It spreads by stolons to form a mat or thatch layer above the soil line.
Maintenance
• High maintenance.
• Creeping bentgrass requires frequent watering, mowing, aerating, and
dethatching, and high levels of fertilizer.

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Colonial bent grass — Agrostis capillaris = A. tenuis

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Qualities
• is a cool-season grass that thrives in cool coastal weather.
• It does best in cool, humid weather and can tolerate some shade.
Identifying tips
• A very fine-bladed, light-green grass.
• Colonial bentgrass is a soft turf with upright leaves and a dense
growth.
• It spreads by short rhizomes that may give rise to short stolons.
Maintenance
• It has a low tolerance for heat, salinity, water stress and traffic.
• It requires frequent irrigation, aerating and dethatching, and a
relatively high level of fertilizer.
• Colonial bentgrass is slow to recover from moderate wear.
'Highland' is a cultivar of colonial bentgrass that tends to have a
slightly higher tolerance for heat and drought.
Colonial bent grass — Agrostis capillaris = A. tenuis

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Perennial ryegrass — Lolium
perenne [

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Qualities
• Perennial ryegrass is a very competitive cool-season grass,
• best adapted to coastal regions that have moderate temperatures
throughout the year.
• It prefers full sun but will tolerate partial shade.
• Perennial ryegrass has the highest wear-tolerance of any cool-
season grass and can tolerate high traffic.
• It is often used around homes, schools, and parks. Because it
germinates quickly, it is often used for overseeding winter-
dormant bermudagrass lawns.
• Its rapid emergence helps to suppress weeds.
• For a more traffic and disease-resistant turf, it is often mixed with
Kentucky bluegrass.
perenne [

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Identifying tips
• A fine-textured, rich green grass with the leaf folded in the bud.
• Leaf margins are parallel, the back of the leaf is shiny, and the
tips of the leaf blades are tapered.
• The collar usually has outgrowths (auricles) that clasp the stem.
• Ryegrass may form clumps where marginally adapted. There are
no rhizomes or stolons.
• Perennial ryegrass has a bunchgrass-type growth habit.
Maintenance
• It has a moderately low tolerance for heat, shade, and drought
and a high tolerance for cold temperatures.
perenne [

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Tall fescue — Festuca arundinacea

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Qualities
• Tall fescue is a cool-season grass, well adapted to sunny or
partially shady areas.
• When densely sown, a pure stand forms a moderate to coarse-
textured lawn that is uniform in appearance with good weed
and disease resistance.
• Tall fescue tolerates warm summer temperatures and stays
green during cool, but not severe winter conditions.
• New varieties that are finer in texture and shorter in stature are
known as turf-type tall fescues and dwarf turf-type tall fescues.
Tall fescue is a good species to plant for general lawn use and is
the most common lawn grass in California.

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Identifying tips
• A coarse-textured medium to dark-green grass. Leaves
are rolled in the bud. It has short, rounded auricles, a
short membranous ligule, and an extensive root
system. Because tall fescue has a bunch-type growth
habit rather than a creeping-type, open areas may
develop and need to be reseeded.
• Maintenance
• Low maintenance. Tall fescue has excellent tolerance
for heat stress and drought. It will tolerate moderate
traffic and infrequent mowing. This species is not well
adapted to high altitudes.

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Collar of kikuyugrass
kikuyugrass
Kikuyugrass
Pennisetum clandestinum

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Qualities
• Kikuyugrass is a warm-season grass
• spreads quickly and thrives in areas with moderate temperatures. I
• tolerate heat and will do well under relatively shady conditions.
• It is seldom established as a desired turfgrass.
• It has a low disease incidence and is susceptible to cold but is able to recover
quickly from moderate wear or severe injury.
• Although once considered to be primarily a weed, kikuyugrass is now
sometimes managed as a turf species.
Identifying tips
• A coarse-textured, light green grass, sometimes mistaken for St.
Augustinegrass.
• The leaves are folded in the bud, the ligule is a fringe of hairs, and there are
no auricles.
• It has slightly flattened, hairy leaf sheaths and tapering leaf blades with files
of hairs. Kikuyugrass spreads by its thick rhizomes and vigorous stolons.
Kikuyugrass
Pennisetum clandestinum

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St. Augustinegrass — Stenotaphrum secundatum

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• Qualities
• St. Augustinegrass, along with bermudagrass and zoysiagrass, is a warm-season
turfgrass. In areas where it is well adapted, it is water efficient and has few pest
problems. St. Augustinegrass is used in the most moderate California climate zones,
along the Southern California coast or in coastal valleys. It prefers full sun, but has a
high tolerance for shade. It grows quickly during the summer months, but slows down
during the spring and fall and enters a dormancy period in the late autumn and during
the winter months. Because St. Augustinegrass is not wear tolerant, it is used for lawns
and general purpose turf, but not for high traffic sports turf.
• Identifying tips
• A broad-bladed, medium-green grass. Leaves are folded in the bud, there are no
auricles, the ligule is a fringe of hairs, and the leaf blades are wide with a boat-shaped
tip. The leaf sheath is flattened and the collar narrows to form a short stalk or petiole
for the leaf blade. St. Augustinegrass has a creeping growth habit and is propagated by
stolons that form shoots at every node. It forms a dense prostrate turf that is virtually
weed free.
• Maintenance
• Moderate maintenance. St. Augustinegrass requires a high amount of nitrogen per
year. It has a high tolerance for shade and heat but a poor tolerance for cold
temperatures. It is drought and salt tolerant. Thatch is a severe problem. If not
regularly dethatched, St. Augustinegrass can be difficult to mow.

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Turf species not adapted to hot climates
Turf species Tolerance Temperatu
re
adaptation
Planting
method
Cold Drought Shade Salinity
Wear/
Traffic
Annual
ryegrass
Low Low Low Low Low
Cool
season(CS)
Seed
Colonial
bentgrass
High Low Moderate Low Low (CS)
Seed, sod,
plugs
Creeping
bentgrass
High Low Moderate Moderate Low (CS)
Seed, sod,
plugs
Hard fescue High High High Low Low (CS) Seed, sod
Kentucky
bluegrass*
High Low Moderate Low Moderate (CS)
Seed, sod
Perennial
ryegrass*
High Low Low Moderate High (CS)
Seed, sod
Red fescue* High Mod. High Low Moderate (CS) Seed, sod
Rough bluegrass High Low High Low Low (CS) Seed
Turf adaptations and tolerances—not adapted to hot climates*When planted as a blended turf, this species can be grown successfully in warm-season areas if properly managed.

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Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat
Turf
species
Tolerance Temperatu
re
adaptation
Planting
methodCold Drought Shade Salinity
Wear/
Traffic
Dichondra Low Low Moderate Low Low
Warm-
season
Seed,
plugs
Turf species well adapted to summer heat
Turf
species
Tolerance Temperatu
re
adaptation
Planting
methodCold Drought Shade Salinity
Wear/Tra
ffic
Bermuda
grass
Low High Low High High
Warm-
season
Seed, sod,
stolons,
sprigs,
plugs
Buffalogra
ss
Moderate High Low Low Low
Warm-
season
Seed, sod,
plugs
Turf adaptations and tolerances—
somewhat adapted to summer heat

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Kikuyugrass Low High Moderate Moderate High
Warm-
season
Sod,
stolons
Seashore
paspalum
Low Moderate Moderate High Moderate
Warm-
season
Sod,
stolons
St.
Augustinegr
ass
Low Moderate High High Moderate
Warm-
season
Sod,
stolons
Tall fescue*
Modera
te
Moderate Moderate Moderate
Moderate
-high
Cool-
season
Seed, sod
Zoysiagrass
Low -
modera
te
High
Moderate
-high
Moderate High
Warm-
season
Sprigs,
sod
*Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat.
Turf species well adapted to summer heat
Turf species Tolerance Temperatur
e
adaptation
Planting
methodCold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/Traffic

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Turf species not adapted to hot climates
Turf species Tolerance Temperatur
e
adaptation
Planting
methodCold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/Traffic
Annual
ryegrass
Low Low Low Low Low Cool-season Seed
Colonial
bentgrass
High Low Moderate Low Low Cool-season Seed, sod,
plugs
Creeping
bentgrass
High Low Moderate Moderate Low Cool-season Seed, sod,
plugs
Hard fescue High High High Low Low Cool-season Seed, sod
Kentucky
bluegrass*
High Low Moderate Low Moderate Cool-season Seed, sod
Perennial
ryegrass*
High Low Low Moderate High Cool-season Seed, sod
Red fescue* High Moderate High Low Moderate Cool-season Seed, sod
Rough
bluegrass
High Low High Low Low Cool-season Seed
Turf adaptations and tolerances—not adapted to hot climates*When planted as a blended turf, this species can be grown successfully in warm-season areas if properly managed.

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Bermuda grass
Centipede grass

Land Preparation
• The germinated weeds during this period can be
easily removed before next watering spray non
selective type of herbicides paraquat/gramaxone(1-
1.5 lit /ha)800-1000
• After the soil has settled, level the soil by filling
depressions & repeat rolling.
• A gradual slope from the centre to the edges is
always preferred to facilitate drainage of excess
water during heavy rains and irrigation drainage.
• In small lawns where the soil is not so sticky
necessary arrangement of drainage may not be
necessary.
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PLANTING OF GRASS.
• Planting of grass can be done at
anytime of the year.
• But in the tropical country like India it
is better to start the work of planting
the grass in the beginning of rainy
season, because grass thus planted
will get quicker growth and better
establishment..
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[a] KOREAN GRASS.
 This grass is native of Japan and Korea.
 It has recently been introduced in India
 Korean grass has velvety growth besides
having more tolerance to cold.
 This grass is highly suitable for making
lawn in small areas and home gardens.
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[b] DOOB OR BERMUDA GRASS.
 It is used very commonly for making
lawn due to its faster growth,
hardiness, less water requirements.
 This grass makes excellent turf.
 it can be grown on any type of soil.
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Method of planting Grasses
1. Seed sowing
2. Dibbling
3. Turfing
4. Bricking
5. Turf plastering
6. Planting on polythene sheet
77

1. SEED SOWING.
 Before sowing of seeds divide the entire plot.
 It should be 200 -300sq meter.
 500 gm Of seed will be required for 200 sq metre
area.
 The entire amount of seeds should be mixed with
double the quantity of fine soil.
 Then the soil should be raked over in two
directions so as to mix the seeds uniformly with
the soil.
 Then the ground should be rolled..
 Then watering must be done.
78

The seeds will germinate within 3-5
weeks.
 After few weeks when the grass
attains the height of about 4-5 cm the
first cutting should be done and then
the surface is rolled.
The grass on the lawn should never be
allowed to grow more than 5 cm.
79
1. SEED SOWING.

2. DIBBLING.
• It is cheapest and slowest method of lawn making
but it is the most common method.
• A small bunch of grass along with roots and little
stem is taken.
• Planting is done at a spacing of 7-9 cm apart both
row to row and plant to plant, preferably when the
soil is slightly moist.
• The roots spread and grow underground in the
course of 3-4 months making a fairly compact lawn.
81

3. TURFING
• It is also called sod method quickest method of forming a
lawn.
• Small pieces of well prepared lawn or turf are cut into
square or rectangular shape preferably.
• Turf is a piece of earth with compact grass on it. Selected
small piece of grass should be cut uniformly thick selected
from a place free from weeds and grasses along with soil
are placed on prepared ground side by side closely
• Slightly beat down flat into position.
• Any cavity or interspaces found should be filled with fine
soil.
• It is the most costly way of making a lawn. 82

4. BRICKING
• It is done to replace few unhealthy patches in
a well maintained lawn.
• In this methods pieces of lawn along with soil
in the shape of bricks are planted and watered
immediately.
86

• Grass roots with little stem of 4-5 cm long
pieces are mixed with garden soil, fresh cow
dung water and roots i e., rhizomes or stolons
of doob grass.
• Spread this paste evenly over prepared field
during raining season.
• It is then covered by 2 cm soil and watered
regularly.
87
5. Turf Plastering method :

6.PLANTING ON POLYTHENE SHEET.
• In this method lawn is grown on thick
polyethylene (800 gauge thickness)
• First cut the polyethylene into suitable pieces
of desired dimension.
• Spread a mixture of soil (3-4 cm thick) over
the polyethylene sheets & grow grass on it.
• It can be rolled and taken when temporary
effect is to be created.
88

Maintenance of lawn
• Once the lawn has established it needs
maintenance.
• To retain of the texture of the turf and its uniform
colour, the lawn is raked, aerated and top dressed
with fertilizers & kept weed free – since it is the
focal point of any landscape design an improperly
cared or badly maintained lawn can spoil the
beauty of the complete garden.
89

• Lawn rolling
• Mowing
• Manuring
• Scraping
• Raking
• Watering and
• Weeding
90
Maintenance of lawn

• The purpose of rolling is to bring the grass in
contact with the soil and also to keep the ground
levelled
• After the first shower of rain, roll, thoroughly with
medium roller both ways to make the level correct.
• Avoid rolling when the soil is too wet.
• The lawn should be rolled after every weeding or at
weekly intervals.
91
Rolling

Mowing
• Mowing is the process of cutting
turfgrasses using lawn mowers to
improve aesthetics, appearance of area,
to provide a good playing surface for a
game and to control the weed growth
92

Moving
• Moving is important operation to get good quality and
healthy lawn
• Regular mowing of lawn is also as essential as
watering.
• Moving frequency varies with season and type of grass
• Never allow the grass to grow more than 6 cm high.
• During winter the lawns require mowing once or twice
a week.
• Mower: Machine used for cutting grass or other
plants grow in the lawn
93

• Mowing frequency: The number of times a turf
grass community is mowed per week, month or
growing season
• Mowing height: The distance at which the ground
surface at which the turfgrass is cut during mowing
• Mowing interval: The reciprocal of mowing
frequency is mowing interval i.e., the number of
days, week etc., between successive mowing
• Mowing pattern: It is the pattern of back and forth
travel while mowing turf. Pattern may be changed
regularly to distribute wear and compaction to avoid
creating “grain” and to create visually aesthetic
effects, especially for spectaror sports
94

Top dressing and manuring
• For continuous and healthy growth of lawn continuous supply of
nutrients is important.
• FYM -100kg/ 100m2
• Bone meal-1kg/10m2
• The application of 50gms mixture/sq.mt during rainy season
(August & September) & Feb-March helps to maintain a good
growth of grass.
• The mixture will contain 2 parts CAN, 1 part SSP and 1 part of
potassium sulphate.
• Spraying of urea @2g/litre of water is also useful to produce good
growth of grass.
• A top dressing of garden soil course sand and screened leaf mould
with addition to bone meal in 1:2:1 proportion should be applied
followed by raking and scraping. A quantity of 100kg to cover an
area of 100 sq.mt to a depth of 2 cm is sufficient,
• It can be repeated for every 2-3 weeks.
99

Scraping and raking
• Scraping and raking are always beneficial to maintain
the tenderness of the lawn.
• Due to constant rolling and mowing a hard crust forms
on the surface and lower part of the grass become
woody.
• Before rainy season that is May or June the entire lawn
should be scraped completely with a Khurpi followed by
raking in both ways.
• If the condition of lawn is good only raking is sufficient
to loosen soils.
• Then mow the grass thoroughly until the old
stumps/runners is well trimmed and expose to sun. 100

Watering
• Lawn need regular water supply for its
continuous growth.
• Watering must be thorough and as frequent
depending upon the weather conditions.
• Frequent watering is beneficial rather than
heavy watering at long interval.
• Heavy watering may encourage the deep rooting
weeds to come up
101

• Sprinkler irrigation is the best method for
watering lawn for even distribution of
water.
• Pure water should be used as saline or
brackish water burns the grass specially
during summer.
• Winter dew is very beneficial for lawn.
102
Irrigation

Weeding
• Weeds compete and make grass and less
vigorous. Hence, weeds should be controlled
either by manual weeding or by using chemicals.
• Weeds should be removed at regular intervals as
and when seen.
• More frequent weeding is required in rainy
season than in the winter months.
• Weedicide 2,4-D is the most effective chemical
used for lawn weeding.
103

Pests
Termites : Termites attack in summer months
• Termites attack stem & roots.
Management
– Heavy watering
– Application phorate/neem cake or pongamia cake
104

Whitefly :
• Symptoms : Green colour turn to pale dull to
grey
• CM – Spray systemic insecticides.
Mealy bugs : Mostly attacks Bermuda hybrid
grass in summer months.
105
Pests

Brown patches
• Management
– Drenching of systemic pesticides / phorate.
– Maintain high moisture levels in summer months.
106
Pests

• Root grubs: It is minor lawn pest.
• CM – Drenching of systemic pesticide.
• Slugs : They are seen in water logged
conditions – Can be controlled by liming,
or keeping gunny bags wetted with salt
water
108
Pests

Diseases
• Damping off : It appears mainly due to water stagnation and poor
drainage of the lawn.
• Fairy ring : causal organisms – Marasmius ordeades, Psalliota
compestris, Leipiota morgani
Symptoms :
• These fungi cause circular rings on the grass. Rings may not be
complete with an appearance and are of horse shoe shape. Grass
turns brown, rings, widen in circles from few centi metres to
meters.
• Control measures: Drenching of soil with Bordeaux mixture or
spraying of copper fungicides like coc @ 0.3%, Blitox @ 5g/litre of
water.
109

Other problems
Yellowing of lawn
– More prevalent in wet weather
– It is caused by water logging in heavy rainfall areas
and lack of water.
– Deficiency of Nitrogen.
– Hardening of a soil, which creates oxygen
deficiency in roots.
Management :
– loosening of soil with help of Khurpi or raking
reduces yellowing.
– Controlled by drenching with COC or Dithane M-
45@ 3g/lit or Bavistin 1g/litre
110

Other problems
Frost Injury:
• In cold region grass is injured due to frost
• In N India grass is injury is due to frost
Management:
Spraying of water in the every evening and early
in the morning after the frost
111

Other problems
Thatching
• Formation of straw like layers of dead stems, leaves and roots
of grasses is called thatching
• It can be controlled by manual removal
Earthworms
• Affect lawn by depositing their extreta
• Cause a circular ring of thin coloued or dead grass
• Control- Bavistin drenching 1g/l or Dithane M-45@3g/l, Neem
or Pongamia cake @500g/sqm applied before rainy season
Termites:
• Controlled by application of Phorat/Thimet
112

DISEASES
• This is caused by the soil borne fungi.
• The fungi produce a circular ring like
appearance on the leaves.
• Rings may not be complete and give the
appearance like horse shoe.
• This disease can be controlled by drenching the
soil with blitox@ 5 g/litre of water.
115
1 -FAIRY RING.

116
www.lawngrasses.com
http://www.lawn.co.uk
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/
Bose TK, Maiti RG, Dhua RS and Das P. 1999. Floriculture and
Landscaping. Naya
Prokash.
• Nambisan KMP.1992. Design Elements of Landscape Gardening.
Oxford & IBH.

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