HEVC VIDEO CODEC By Vinayagam Mariappan
•
8 j'aime•3,226 vues
This document provides an overview of HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) including: - HEVC aims to provide roughly half the bitrate of H.264/AVC at the same quality. - It uses block-based hybrid video coding with improved intra-prediction, transform, quantization and entropy coding techniques. - HEVC supports a wide range of resolutions, color spaces and bit depths for 4K and beyond.
Recommandé
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Tendances (20)
Similaire à HEVC VIDEO CODEC By Vinayagam Mariappan
Similaire à HEVC VIDEO CODEC By Vinayagam Mariappan (20)
Plus de Vinayagam Mariappan
Dernier
Dernier (20)
HEVC VIDEO CODEC By Vinayagam Mariappan
- 1. eSILICON LABS, INDIA HEVC VIDEO CODEC Vinayagam M Video Electronics
- 2. 2
- 5. 5 VIDEO CODING • Lossless Compression • Lossy Compression • Transform Coding • Motion Coding
- 6. 6 VIDEO CODER ARCHITECTURE • Image / Video Coding Based on Block-Matching – Assume frame f-1 has been encoded and reconstructed, and frame f is the current frame to be encoded • Exploiting the redundancies – Temporal MC-Prediction (P and B frames) – Spatial Block DCT – Color Color Space Conversion • Scalar quantization of DCT coefficients • Zigzag scanning, runlength and Huffman coding of the nonzero quantized DCT coefficients
- 7. 7 VIDEO CODER ARCHITECTURE… • Video Encoder – Divide frame f into equal-size blocks – For each source block, Find its motion vector using the block-matching algorithm based on the reconstructed frame f-1 Compute the DFD of the block – Transmit the motion vector of each block to decoder – Compress DFD’s of each block – Transmit the encoded DFD’s to decoder
- 8. 8 VIDEO CODER ARCHITECTURE… • Video Encoder
- 9. 9 VIDEO CODER ARCHITECTURE… • Video Decoder – Receive motion vector of each block from encoder – Based on the motion vector ,find the best-matching block from the reference frame ie,, Find the predicted current frame from the reference frame – Receive the encoded DFD of each block from encoder – Decode the DFD. – Each reconstructed block in the current frame = Its decompressed DFD + the best-matching block
- 10. 10 VIDEO CODER ARCHITECTURE… • Video Decoder
- 12. 12 VIDEO CODEC STANDARDS… • Based on the same fundamental building blocks – Motion-compensated prediction (I, P, and B frames) – 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) – Color space conversion – Scalar quantization, runlengths, Huffman coding • Additional tools added for different applications: – Progressive or interlaced video – Improved compression, error resilience, scalability, etc. • MPEG-1/2/4, H.261/3/4 – Frame-based coding • MPEG-4 – Object-based coding and Synthetic video
- 14. 14 HEVC
- 15. 15 HEVC • Video Coding Standards Overview Next Generation Broadcasting
- 16. 16 HEVC… • MPEG-H – High Efficiency Coding and Media Delivery in Heterogeneous Environments a new suite of standards providing technical solutions for emerging challenges in multimedia industries – Part 1: System, MPEG Media Transport (MMT) Integrated services with multiple components in a hybrid delivery environment, providing support for seamless and efficient use of heterogeneous network environments, including broadcast, multicast, storage media and mobile networks – Part 2: Video, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Highly immersive visual experiences, with ultra high definition displays that give no perceptible pixel structure even if viewed from such a short distance that they subtend a large viewing angle (up to 55 degrees horizontally for 4Kx2K resolution displays, up to 100 degrees for 8Kx4K) – Part 3: Audio, 3D-Audio Highly immersive audio experiences in which the decoding device renders a 3D audio scene. This may be using 10.2 or 22.2 channel configurations or much more limited speaker configurations or headphones, such as found in a personal tablet or smartphone.
- 17. 17 HEVC… • Transport/System Layer Integration – On going definitions (MPEG, IETF,…,DVB): benefit from H.264/AVC – MPEG Media Transport (MMT) ?
- 18. 18 HEVC… • HEVC = High Efficiency Video Coding • Joint project between ISO/IEC/MPEG and ITU-T/VCEG – ISO/IEC: MPEG-H Part 2 (23008-2) – ITU-T: H.265 • JCT-VC committee – Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding – Co-chairs: Dr. Gary Sullivan (Microsoft, USA) and Dr. Jens-Reiner Ohm (RWTH Aachen, Germany) • Target – Roughly half the bit-rate at the same subjective quality compared to H.264/AVC (50% over H.264/AVC) – x10 complexity max for encoder and x2/3 max for decoder • Requirements – Progressive required for all profiles and levels Interlaced support using field SEI message – Video resolution: sub QVGA to 8Kx4K, with more focus on higher resolution video content (1080p and up) – Color space and chroma sampling: YUV420, YUV422, YUV444, RGB444 – Bit-depth: 8-14 bits – Parallel Processing Architecture
- 19. 19 HEVC… • H.264 Vs H.265
- 20. 20 HEVC… • Potential applications – Existing applications and usage scenarios IPTV over DSL : Large shift in IPTV eligibility Facilitated deployment of OTT and multi-screen services More customers on the same infrastructure: most IP traffic is video More archiving facilities – Existing applications and usage scenarios 1080p60/50 with bitrates comparable to 1080i Immersive viewing experience: Ultra-HD (4K, 8K) Premium services (sports, live music, live events,…): home theater, Bars venue, mobile HD 3DTV Full frame per view at today’s HD delivery rates What becomes possible with 50% video rate reduction?
- 23. 23 HEVC… • H.264 Vs H.265
- 24. 24 HEVC… • H.264 Vs H.265
- 27. 27 HEVC… • Video Coding Techniques : Block-based hybrid video coding – Interpicture prediction Temporal statistical dependences – Intrapicture prediction Spatial statistical dependences – Transform coding Spatial statistical dependences • Uses YCbCr color space with 4:2:0 subsampling – Y component Luminance (luma) Represents brightness (gray level) – Cb and Cr components Chrominance (chroma). Color difference from gray toward blue and red
- 28. 28 HEVC… • Video Coding Techniques : Block-based hybrid video coding – Motion compensation Quarter-sample precision is used for the MVs 7-tap or 8-tap filters are used for interpolation of fractional-sample positions – Intrapicture prediction 33 directional modes, planar (surface fitting), DC (flat) Modes are encoded by deriving most probable modes (MPMs) based on those of previously decoded neighboring PBs – Quantization control Uniform reconstruction quantization (URQ) – Entropy coding Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) – In-Loop deblocking filtering Similar to the one in H.264 and More friendly to parallel processing – Sample adaptive offset (SAO) Nonlinear amplitude mapping For better reconstruction of amplitude by histogram analysis
- 29. 29 HEVC… • Coding Tree Unit (CTU) - A picture is partitioned into CTUs – The CTU is the basic processing unit instead of Macro Blocks (MB) – Contains luma CTBs and chroma CTBs A luma CTB covers L × L samples Two chroma CTBs cover each L/2 × L/2 samples – HEVC supports variable-size CTBs The value of L may be equal to 16, 32, or 64. Selected according to needs of encoders - In terms of memory and computational requirements Large CTB is beneficial when encoding high-resolution video content – CTBs can be used as CBs or can be partitioned into multiple CBs using quadtree structures – The quadtree splitting process can be iterated until the size for a luma CB reaches a minimum allowed luma CB size (8 × 8 or larger).
- 30. 30 HEVC… • Block Structure – Coding Tree Units (CTU) Corresponds to macroblocks in earlier coding standards (H.264, MPEG2, etc) Luma and chroma Coding Tree Blocks (CTB) Quadtree structure to split into Coding Units (CUs) 16x16, 32x32, or 64x64, signaled in SPS
- 31. 31 HEVC… • A new framework composed of three new concepts – Coding Units (CU) – Prediction Units (PU) – Transform Units (TU) • The decision whether to code a picture area using inter or intra prediction is made at the CU level Goal: To be as flexible as possible and to adapt the compression-prediction to image peculiarities
- 32. 32 HEVC… • Block Structure – Coding Units (CU) Luma and chroma Coding Blocks (CB) Rooted in CTU Intra or inter coding mode Split into Prediction Units (PUs) and Transform Units (TUs)
- 33. 33 HEVC… • Block Structure – Prediction Units (PU) Luma and chroma Prediction Blocks (PB) Rooted in CU Partition and motion info
- 34. 34 HEVC… • Block Structure – Transform Units (TU) Rooted in CU 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, 32x32 DCT, and 4x4 DST
- 35. 35 HEVC… • Relationship of CU, PU and TU
- 36. 36 HEVC… • Intra Prediction – 35 intra modes: 33 directional modes + DC + planar – For chroma, 5 intra modes: DC, planar, vertical, horizontal, and luma derived – Planar prediction (Intra_Planar) Amplitude surface with a horizontal and vertical slope derived from boundaries – DC prediction (Intra_DC) Flat surface with a value matching the mean value of the boundary samples – Directional prediction (Intra_Angular) 33 different directional prediction is defined for square TB sizes from 4×4 up to 32×32
- 37. 37 HEVC… • Intra Prediction – Adaptive reference sample filtering 3-tap filter: [1 2 1]/4 Not performed for 4x4 blocks For larger than 4x4 blocks, adaptively performed for a subset of modes Modes except vertical/near-vertical, horizontal/near-horizontal, and DC – Mode dependent adaptive scanning 4x4 and 8x8 intra blocks only All other blocks use only diagonal upright scan (left-most scan pattern)
- 38. 38 HEVC… • Intra Prediction – Boundary smoothing Applied to DC, vertical, and horizontal modes, luma only Reduces boundary discontinuity – For DC mode, 1st column and row of samples in predicted block are filtered – For Hor/Ver mode, first column/row of pixels in predicted block are filtered
- 39. 39 HEVC… • Inter Prediction – Fractional sample interpolation ¼ pixel precision for luma – DCT based interpolation filters 8-/7- tap for luma 4-tap for chroma Supports 16-bit implementation with non-normative shift – High precision interpolation and biprediction – DCT-IF design Forward DCT, followed by inverse DCT
- 40. 40 HEVC… • Inter Prediction – Asymmetric Motion Partition (AMP) for Inter PU – Merge Derive motion (MV and ref pic) from spatial and temporal neighbors Which spatial/temporal neighbor is identified by merge_idx Number of merge candidates (≤ 5) signaled in slice header Skip mode = merge mode + no residual – Advanced Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) Use spatial/temporal PUs to predict current MV
- 41. 41 HEVC… • Transforms – Core transforms: DCT based 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, and 32x32 Square transforms only Support partial factorization Near-orthogonal Nested transforms – Alternative 4x4 DST 4x4 intra blocks, luma only – Transform skipping mode By-pass the transform stage Most effective on “screen content” 4x4 TBs only
- 42. 42 HEVC… • Scaling and Quantization – HEVC uses a uniform reconstruction quantization (URQ) scheme controlled by a quantization parameter (QP). – The range of the QP values is defined from 0 to 51
- 43. 43 HEVC… • Entropy Coding – One entropy coder, CABAC Reuse H.264 CABAC core algorithm More friendly to software and hardware implementations Easier to parallelize, reduced HW area, increased throughput – Context modeling Reduced # of contexts Increased use of by-pass bins Reduced data dependency – Coefficient coding Adaptive coefficient scanning for intra 4x4 and 8x8 ▫ Diagonal upright, horizontal, vertical Processed in 4x4 blocks for all TU sizes Sign data hiding: ▫ Sign of first non-zero coefficient conditionally hidden in the parity of the sum of the non-zero coefficient magnitudes ▫ Conditions: 2 or more non-zero coefficients, and “distance” between first and last coefficient > 3
- 44. 44 HEVC… • Entropy Coding - CABAC – Binarization: CABAC uses Binary Arithmetic Coding which means that only binary decisions (1 or 0) are encoded. A non-binary-valued symbol (e.g. a transform coefficient or motion vector) is "binarized" or converted into a binary code prior to arithmetic coding. This process is similar to the process of converting a data symbol into a variable length code but the binary code is further encoded (by the arithmetic coder) prior to transmission. – Stages are repeated for each bit (or "bin") of the binarized symbol. – Context model selection: A "context model" is a probability model for one or more bins of the binarized symbol. This model may be chosen from a selection of available models depending on the statistics of recently coded data symbols. The context model stores the probability of each bin being "1" or "0". – Arithmetic encoding: An arithmetic coder encodes each bin according to the selected probability model. Note that there are just two sub-ranges for each bin (corresponding to "0" and "1"). – Probability update: The selected context model is updated based on the actual coded value (e.g. if the bin value was "1", the frequency count of "1"s is increased)
- 45. 45 HEVC… • Parallel Processing Tools – Slices – Tiles – Wavefront parallel processing (WPP) – Dependent Slices • Slices – Slices are a sequence of CTUs that are processed in the order of a raster scan. Slices are self-contained and independent – Each slice is encapsulated in a separate packet
- 46. 46 HEVC… • Tile – Self-contained and independently decodable rectangular regions – Tiles provide parallelism at a coarse level of granularity Tiles more than the cores Not efficient Breaks dependencies
- 47. 47 HEVC… • WPP – A slice is divided into rows of CTUs. Parallel processing of rows – The decoding of each row can be begun as soon a few decisions have been made in the preceding row for the adaptation of the entropy coder. – Better compression than tiles. Parallel processing at a fine level of granularity. No WPP with tiles !!
- 48. 48 HEVC… • Dependent Slices – Separate NAL units but dependent (Can only be decoded after part of the previous slice) – Dependent slices are mainly useful for ultra low delay applications Remote Surgery – Error resiliency gets worst – Low delay – Good Efficiency Goes well with WPP
- 49. 49 HEVC… • Slice Vs Tile – Tiles are kind of zero overhead slices Slice header is sent at every slice but tile information once for a sequence Slices have packet headers too Each tile can contain a number of slices and vice versa – Slices are for : Controlling packet sizes Error resiliency – Tiles are for: Controlling parallelism (multiple core architecture) Defining ROI regions
- 50. 50 HEVC… • Tile Vs WPP – WPP Better compression than tiles Parallel processing at a fine level of granularity But … Needs frequent communication between processing units If high number of cores Can’t get full utilization – Good for when Relatively small number of nodes Good inter core communication No need to match to MTU size Big enough shared cache
- 51. 51 HEVC… • In-Loop Filters – Two processing steps, a deblocking filter (DBF) followed by an sample adaptive offset (SAO) filter, are applied to the reconstructed samples The DBF is intended to reduce the blocking artifacts due to block- based coding The DBF is only applied to the samples located at block boundaries The SAO filter is applied adaptively to all samples satisfying certain conditions. e.g. based on gradient.
- 52. 52 HEVC… • Loop Filters: Deblocking – Applied to all samples adjacent to a PU or TU boundary Except the case when the boundary is also a picture boundary, or when deblocking is disabled across slice or tile boundaries – HEVC only applies the deblocking filter to the edge that are aligned on an 8×8 sample grid This restriction reduces the worst-case computational complexity without noticeable degradation of the visual quality It also improves parallel-processing operation – The processing order of the deblocking filter is defined as horizontal filtering for vertical edges for the entire picture first, followed by vertical filtering for horizontal edges.
- 53. 53 HEVC… • Loop Filters: Deblocking – Simpler deblocking filter in HEVC (vs H.264 ) – Deblocking filter boundary strength is set according to Block coding mode Existence of non zero coefficients Motion vector difference Reference picture difference
- 54. 54 HEVC… • Loop Filters: SAO – A process that modifies the decoded samples by conditionally adding an offset value to each sample after the application of the deblocking filter, based on values in look-up tables transmitted by the encoder. – SAO: Sample Adaptive Offsets New loop filter in HEVC Non-linear filter – For each CTB, signal SAO type and parameters – Encoder decides SAO type and estimates SAO parameters (rate- distortion opt.)
- 55. 55 HEVC… • Special Coding – I_PCM mode The prediction, transform, quantization and entropy coding are bypassed The samples are directly represented by a pre-defined number of bits Main purpose is to avoid excessive consumption of bits when the signal characteristics are extremely unusual and cannot be properly handled by hybrid coding – Lossless mode The transform, quantization, and other processing that affects the decoded picture are bypassed The residual signal from inter- or intrapicture prediction is directly fed into the entropy coder It allows mathematically lossless reconstruction SAO and deblocking filtering are not applied to this regions – Transform skipping mode Only the transform is bypassed Improves compression for certain types of video content such as computer- generated images or graphics mixed with camera-view content Can be applied to TBs of 4×4 size only
- 56. 56 HEVC… • High Level Parallelism – Independently decodable packets – Sequence of CTUs in raster scan – Error resilience – Parallelization – Independently decodable (re-entry) – Rectangular region of CTUs – Parallelization (esp. encoder) – 1 slice = more tiles, or 1 tile = more slices – Rows of CTUs – Decoding of each row can be parallelized – Shaded CTU can start when gray CTUs in row above are finished – Main profile does not allow tiles + WPP combination
- 57. 57 HEVC… • Profiles, Levels and Tiers – Historically, profile defines collection of coding tools, whereas Level constrains decoder processing load and memory requirements – The first version of HEVC defined 3 profiles Main Profile: 8-bit video in YUV4:2:0 format Main 10 Profile: same as Main, up to 10-bit Main Still Picture Profile: same as Main, one picture only – Levels and Tiers Levels: max sample rate, max picture size, max bit rate, DPB and CPB size, etc Tiers: “main tier” and “high tier” within one level
- 58. 58 HEVC… • Complexity Analysis – Software-based HEVC decoder capabilities (published by NTT Docomo) Single-threaded: 1080p@30 on ARMv7 (1.3GHz),1080p@60 decoding on i5 (2.53GHz) Multi-threaded: 4Kx2K@60 on i7 (2.7GHz), 12Mbps, decoding speed up to 100fps – Other independent software-based HEVC real-time decoder implementations published by Samsung and Qualcomm during HEVC development – Decoder complexity not substantially higher More complex modules: MC, Transform, Intra Pred, SAO Simpler modules: CABAC and deblocking
- 60. 60 THANK YOU