This document summarizes quantum computing. It begins with an introduction explaining the differences between classical and quantum bits, with qubits being able to exist in superpositions of states. The history of quantum computing is discussed, including early explorations in the 1970s-80s and Peter Shor's breakthrough in 1994. D-Wave Systems is mentioned as the first company to develop a quantum computer in 2011. The scope, architecture, working principles, advantages and applications of quantum computing are then outlined at a high level. The document concludes by discussing the growing field of quantum computing research and applications.

1. The Nature’s Computer
Quantum Computing
Gopalan College of Engineering and Management
Department of Computer Science Engineering
Visvesvaraya Technological University
Presented By:
Vinayak Suresh,
Dept. of CSE, GCEM.
Guided By:
Mr. J Somasekar,
Dept. of CSE, GCEM.

2. • Abstract
• Objective
• Introduction
• History
• Scope of the project
• Architecture
• Working
• Advantages
• Application
• Future Work
• Conclusion
Contents

3. "When you change the way you look at things,
the things you look at change"
Max Planck,
Father of Quantum Physics

4. Objective
To realise and understand a method of Harnessing and Exploiting the
Amazing laws of Quantum Mechanics to process Information.

5. Abstract
• Quantum computing studies theoretical computation systems that make direct use
of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to
perform operations on data.
• Quantum computers are different from digital electronic computers.
What's the difference?
• Digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of
which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1).
• Quantum computation uses quantum bits (qubits), which can be in
superpositions of states.

6. How does this difference help in better computation?
A quantum computer with n qubits can be in an arbitrary superposition of up to
2^n different states simultaneously while a normal computer that can
only be in one of these 2^n states at any one time.

7. Introduction
• Superposition
Superposition is essentially the ability of a quantum system to be in multiple states at
the same time, something can be “here” and “there,” or “up” and “down” at the same
time.
• Entanglement
Entanglement is an extremely strong correlation that exists between quantum
particles so strong, in fact, that two or more quantum particles can be inextricably linked
in perfect unison, even when placed at opposite ends of the universe.
This seemingly impossible connection inspired Einstein to describe entanglement as
“spooky action at a distance”.

8. History
• The idea of a computational device based on quantum mechanics was first explored
in the 1970's and early 1980's by physicists and computer scientists such as
Charles H. Bennett, Paul A. Benioff, David Deutsch, and the late Richard P.
Feynman.
• They understood that if technology continued to abide by Moore's Law, then the
continually shrinking size of circuitry packed onto silicon chips would eventually
reach a point where individual elements would be no larger than a few atoms.
• In 1994, a mathematician Peter Shor, who was working at AT&T at the time,
unveiled that if a fully working quantum computer was available, it could factor
large numbers easily.

9. • D-Wave Systems, Inc. is a quantum computing company, based in Burnaby,
British Columbia, Canada.
• On May 11 2011, D-Wave Systems announced D-Wave One,
described as "the world's first commercially available
quantum computer", operating on a 128-qubit chipset.
• On August 20, 2015, D-Wave Systems announced the general
availability of the D-Wave 2X system, a 1000+ qubit quantum
computer.
• This was followed by an announcement on Sept 28, 2015 that
it had been installed at the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab
at NASA's Ames Research Center in collaboration with Google.
Now…

10. Scope of the Quantum Computing
• Useful for scientists for conducting virtual experiments.
• we could model the behavior of atoms and particles at unusual conditions.
• we could model chemical reactions.
• Searching huge amounts of data.
• For a phone book with one million phone numbers, finding a number could
take one million steps.
• In 1996, Lov Grover from Bell Labs discovered that a quantum computer
would be able to do the same task with one thousand steps instead of one
million.

12. Architecture
A quantum computer is nothing like a classical computer in design.
You can't for instance build one from transistors and diodes.
In order to build one, a new type of technology is needed, a technology that
enables 'qubits' to exist as coherent superpositions of 0 and 1 states.

13. Software Architecture

14. Hardware Architecture

15. Working
 User maps a problem into a search for the “lowest point in a vast
landscape” which corresponds to the best possible outcome.
 The processor considers all the possibilities simultaneously to
determine the lowest energy required to form those relationships.
 The quantum computer returns about 10,000 answers in one second.
 This gives the user not only the optimal solution or a single answer, but
also other alternatives to choose from.

16. Map coloring using D-wave
• Two regions that share a border
receive different colors.
• Steps include:
 Turn on one of several qubits.
 Map a single region to a unit cell.
 Implement neighbor constraints
using inter cell couplers.
 Clone neighbors to meet all
neighbor constraints.

17. • Speed to handle process-intensive
workloads
• The power to scale out depending on
business need.
• An entirely new way to tackle
problems
Advantages

19. Application
1. Optimization
a.Water Network Optimization
b.Radiotherapy Optimization
c.Protein Folding
2. Machine Learning
3. Object Detection
4. Video Compression
5. Monte Carlo Simulation

20. Future Work
• New algorithms need to be developed to take advantage of
quantum computing.
• Computing in very vast fields that haven’t been encroached
before can be made possible.
• Better technological advancements can result in smaller,
cooler quantum computers.

21. Conclusion
The field of quantum computing is growing rapidly as many of
today's leading computing groups, universities, colleges, and all
the leading IT vendors are researching the topic.
This pace is expected to increase as more research is turned
into practical applications.

22. "If Quantum Mechanics hasn’t profoundly
shocked you, you haven’t understood it yet."
Niels Bohr

23. Thank you