Ashita Laddha ,B.Sc-Interior Design +One Year Residential Design Diploma

Project Based On
Residential Space Planning
At
Dezyne E’cole College Ajmer
Submitted To
Dezyne E’cole College
Towards
The Partial Fulfillment Of
The Bachelor Of Science In Interior Design
By Ashita Laddha
Dezyne E ; Cole College
106/10,civil Lines Ajmer
Tel : 0145- 262469
Www.Dezyne.Com
2015-2016

106/10, civil Lines
Ajmer, 305001,Raj
Thanking You
Principal
(Seal & Signature)
Project Report Of Ms Ashita Laddha Of Interior Design 1 St Year
Diploma Residential Planning Has Been Graded As
______________________________________________________

ACKOWLEDEGMENT
The Project Residential Space Planning Has Enlighten Me About Various
Aspects Of Planning A Residential Building. I Have Taken Efforts In This Project.
However It Would Not Have Been Possible Without The Kind Support And
Help Of Many People. I Would Like To Extend My Sincere Thanks To All Of
Them.
I Am Highly Indebted To Dezyne E’cole College For Their Guidance And
Constant Supervision As Well As For Providing All The Necessary Information
Regarding The Project And Also For Their Support In Completing The Project.
I Would Like To Express My Gratitude Towards My Parents For Their
Cooperation And Encouragement Which Help Me In Completion Of This
Project.
Ashita Laddha
B.Sc. – Interior Design

SYNOPSIS OF PROJECT
In My Project I Have Considered The Major Concepts Which I Was Taught And
Are Important And Beneficial For Planning. They Are To Be Paid Attention To
Initiate Any Plan During The Planning Procedure
Starting From The Climatology Factors That Is Macro And Micro Climate Of
The Given Location Along With The Orientation Of The Site. As My Site Is
North Facing I Have Took North Orientation For My Plan. By Considering These
I Have Tried To Make My Design Energy Efficient, Water Efficient, And Material
Efficient. For Making It Energy Efficient I Have Followed The Concept Of
Daylight, That Is According To The Position Of The Sun In The Sky On Different
Times I Have Used Tall And Wide Windows In My Design. I Had Also Paid
Attention To The Cross Ventilation Concept Which Take Place Across 45’
Without Any Mechanical Use And According To It I Have Decide The
Placement Of Doors And Windows In My Design. I Have Also Paid Attention
The Concept Of Green Building Sated By The U.S Green Building Council
(UNGBC) In My Design. I Had Also Focus On Universal Design In My Plan
Making My Plan According To The Government Rules I Have Paid Attention To
The Building Byelaws Sated By The Urban Development Board
I Have Also Paid Attention To Anthropometrics, Ergonomics, And Louis Kahn's
Principles Of Space Planning Like Grouping, Watcher And Servant Area And
Have Placed The Kitchen Area And Powder Room And Living Room Grouped
Together. And Have Placed The Different Rooms According To The Personality
Of The Space And Activities To Be Performed There.

CONTENT
STUDENT INTRODUCTION PAGE
INTRODUCTION ABOUT INTERIOR DESIGN
INTRODUCTION ABOUT RESIDENTIAL BULIDING
CASE STUDY
• MAP OF INDIA
• LOCATION OF SITE
• BULIDING BYE LAWS
• CLIMATOLOGY
• PLANNING PROCESS
• VENTIALTION
• BIO CLIMATIC
• TOPOGRAPHY
• GREEN BULIDING
• RAIN WATER HARVESTING
• DAYLIGHT
• LANDSCAPING
• APPROCH
• CIRCULATION
• STAIRS
• WINDOWS
• DOOR
• WALL PLANES OPENING
UNIERSAL DESIGN
ANTHROPOMETRICS AND ERGONOMICS
LOUSIS KHAN PRINCIPLES
ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS
CASE STUDY 2
ARCHITECTURAL LATOUTS – LIVING ROOM
DESIGN PROCESS
CONTEMPORARY STYLE
MOOD BORADS
MY ASSIGNMENTS
CONCLUSION
BIBILOGRAPHY

ASHITA LADDHA
INTERIOR DESIGNER
Email: dezyneecole@gmail.com
Web: www.dezyneecole.com
Phone: 9829024839
0145-2629679 To Be A Successful Interior Designer We Need To
Focus On All The Aspects Of Human Behavior. I
Thank Dezyne E’cole To Make Me An Skilled Person
And Make Me Ready For The Industry.
SKILLS
Google Sketch Up
Auto Card
Photoshop
Drafting (Perspective View And Isometric View)
Anthropometrics And Ergonomics
Good Aesthetic Sense
Good Knowledge About Colors
INTEREST
Dancing
Music
Playing Outdoor Games
Acting
LANGUAGE
Hindi
English
EXPERIENCE
Explain About Interior Design In Annual Exhibition
Design development project
Residential Design project portfolio
PROFILE
EDUCATION
 Bachelor in science in interior
Design + One year Residential
Design Diploma –
Design E’cole College, Ajmer –
(2015-2018)
 12th Rajasthan Board -
Mangal newton school,
Ajmer – (2014-2015)
 10th CBSE Board –
L.K Singhaniya Education Centre,
Gotan-(2012- 2013)

INTRODUICTION ABOUT INTERIOR DESIGN
Interior Design Is All About How We Experience Spaces. ITS A Powerful,
Essential Part Of Our Daily Lives And Effects How We Live Work, Play And Even
Heal . Comfortable Homes Functional Workplaces, Beautiful Spaces – That’s
Interior Design Work . Interior Design Is A Profession, A Career A Vocation And
A Lifestyle. It Is Not Just A Job .To Practice It Successfully , It Is Important To
Have A Clear Idea Of What Interior Design Involves, As Well As Appreciation
Of Its Demand. It Is Just AS Important To Know Whether You Have The
Combination Of Personal Attributes And Interest That A Professional; Interior
Design Needs. The Beauty Of Interior Design Is That Its Never A Permanent
Move. Interior Design Schemes Can Be Regularly Changed Up And For This
Reason , Function Withy Any Space Has To Be Primary Concern. Function On
The Other Hand Is Much Harder To Change It Once It Done (Think About
Trying To Move Permanent Wall Structures Because We Discovered Our
Lifestyle Functions Better In Open Space Rather The Initial Walled – In Layout
That We Thought You Wanted)
Interior Design Takes Training As Well As Talent, And These Lessons Will Give
You The Know-how You Need To Design A Room From Floor To Ceiling. You'll
Delve Into Color Theory, Industry Trends, Spatial Arrangements, Floor Plans,
Traditional And Modern Interior Design Ideas, And Other Basics. In Addition,
You'll Explore A Range Of Careers In Interior Design And Get Insider Tips For
Entering This Exciting Field.
Because Interior Design Is Constantly Evolving, You'll Also Learn About Some
Of The Latest Trends Affecting The Industry. You'll Investigate "Green"
Sustainable Design, And You'll Find Out How To Modify Your Designs For
People With Special Needs.
As You Master Design Skills Step-by-step, You'll Complete Your First Project: A
Fully Developed Room Design Complete With Spatial Layout, Lighting, And
Finish Selections. Your New Knowledge And Hands-on Practice Will Give You
The Confidence You Need To Start Creating Beautiful Residential Interiors For
Yourself And Others
It Is All About Finding Creating To Set Of Problems And Dressing Solutions To
Unify Strengthen Our Experience Of The Space.

Design Why Interior ?
Interior Design Is About So Much More Than “What Looks Right “.It Is About
Taking A Holistic View Of The Way That Individuals Use And Enjoy The Spaces
That They Inhabit It Is Finding A Creating A Cohesive Answer To Set Of
Problems And Dressing The Solution So As To Unify And Strengthen Our
Experience Of The Space . Many People Understood This And That They Do
Not Have The Necessary Skills To Tackle The Job Themselves. And So There Is
Need For Professional Interior Design
Need Of Interior Design -
A Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space It Can Increase Our
Efficiency In The Way We Got About Our Daily Lives Depth, Understanding
And Meaning To The Built Environment.
Today, Interior Designers Work With, Contractors, Engineers, Craftsmen,
Furniture, Dealers And Business And Home Owners. To Become A Successful
Interior Designers, You Need A Well Rounded Education And The Skills To
Work With Many Disciplines (Architecture, Graphic Design, Decorative Arts
And Textile Furniture And Lightening Design)
Interior Design Work By Nature, Requires That Those Who Practice It Learn To
Temper Their Innate Idealism With The Practical Demands Of Reality. You
Design For Real People In The Real World.
In Every Design Project You Must Be Wiling To Strike A Balance Between What
You Envision As “ The Ideal “ And What You Achieve Within The Projects
Practical Constraints
Interior Design Demands High Energy And Passion , It Need Physical And
Emotional Stamina To Fuel Their Long Hours And To Cope With pressure Of
Completing A Job On Schedule And To Their Clients Satisfaction
Interior Design Is A System Of Coordinating Basic Elements Systems In Orders
To Constitute A Work Of Architecture For Well Being Of Humans –
The Architecture – Space, Structure
Experienced Through – Movement In Save Time
Achieved By Means Of – Technology
Accommodating A - Programmed
Compatible With Its - Content

Lets Understand The Work Of An Interior Designers
1. Interior Design As A Skill Branch – Building Engineering Was The
Pioneer Design Held Out Of Which Many Specialties Like Architecture, Civil
Engineering And Interior Designing Have Separated. All These Deal With
Building Using Many Common Materials And Techniques. Interior Design
As A Result Has A Certain Affinity To Architecture
2. Building And Design Intervention – A Building Once Constructed Is
Initially For Occupation By The Original Designer. However, Building Last
For Ages And During The Lifespan, Must Be Altered And Update Several
Times. Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unviable, Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’. Interior Decoration, Was A Service
For The Building, But Always Was Distinct From The Architecture Or The
Building Engineering. Interior Decorator Was Neither A Variant, Nor
Subservient To The Architect
3. Interior Decorator To Interior Design – The Interior Decorator Now
Even Offered Comprehensive Design Solution With Alternatives To Their
Clients. Interior Decoration Became A Well- Documented Strategy, Serving
Two Basic Purpose
• It Helped Creation Of A Functional Systems By Coordinating Skills, Materials
And Objects, Sourced From Different Agencies
• It Showed The User Or Client, In Advance, The Solution, In A Representative
From- A Surrogate
4. Design + Execution Practice – Schematic Documentation Of Design
Has Been Very Difficult, And The Most Irritating Aspect Of Business.
Amateur Interior Designers (Formally Untrained) Lack Of Capacity To
Document Their Design Intentions, So Prefer To Work On The Site,
Providing Oral Instructions To Contractors Or Their Work By Themselves.
5. Forms of interior design practices – today many different forms of
interior design practices exist, ranging form :
• pure design (design only)
• design + supply
• design + supply + execution.

Specialization In Interior Design – Interior Design Like Other
Professionals, Also, Face A Dilemma, Should They Specialize Or Be
A Generalist ? To Became A Socialist One Needs To Limit The Work
To Projects Of Particular Nature. But It Is Very Difficult To Get
Projects To Suit A Predefined Field Of Specialization. In Reality, As
A And When Opportunities Arise, A Designer Preferences Project
That Builds Up The Specific Sphere Of Experience. The Refined
Capability Can Then Be Used For Handling Similar But Complex
Job
6. Interior Design And Other Design Professions:- Interior design like
any other design profession, is an interdependent profession. Interior
designers work in conjunction with other design professionals, who need
interior design contribution in their work, such as Architects, Building
Engineers, Landscape designers , Furniture and Product designers, Exhibition
and Event managers. Interior designers also use expertise of other
professionals for their work. These include Environmental Engineers,
Ecologists, Furnishing experts, Textile designers, Painters, Sculptors, and an
array of crafts persons.
7. Specialization In Interior Design:- Interior designers like other
professionals also face a dilemma, should they specialize or be a generalist? To
become a specialist one needs to limit the work to projects of particular
nature. But it is very difficult to get projects to suit a predefined field of
specialization. In reality, as and when opportunities arise, a designer
preferences project that builds up the specific sphere of experience. The
refined capability can then be used for handling similar but complex jobs.
Acute specialization in a particular field also leads to generalization, as one
handles only one or few types of projects. Interior designers by handling only
specific projects achieve an expertise in the field, but gradually lose the
capacity to handle other projects. Whereas a generalist , by handling all sorts
of projects, perhaps gains a wider experience, economics of scale (turnover),
but at compromised quality.
Some degree of specialization is becoming apparent in Interior Design. Some
of the major fields to have distinct identities within the ambit of Interior
Designers Beyond Their Role Of Furnishers Are Also Ideal As Maintenance,
Persons And Operators Of Buildings.
Large Organizations (Hotels, Guest Houses, Corporate Head Offices,
Museums, Showrooms, Departmental Stores) Have Estates, Substantially
Consisting Of Buildings, Furniture, Furnishings, Plants, Equipment, Utilities,
Gardens And Landscaped Lands. Interior Design Turning Today Includes Design
Drafting And Presentation Technologies In Digital Media. Interior Designers
With Competence In Computerized Drafting (AUTOCAD) 3D Modelling,
Animation, Walk Through, Rendering, Etc. Find Employment In Many Other
Design Fields. Interior Design Training Consists Of Colour, Rendering, Graphics
And Presentation Techniques, Preparing Them For The Diversion To Graphics
Related Fields, Like Artworks, Advertising, Cinematography, Exhibitions,
Publicity, Etc.

INTERIOR DESIGN
RESIDENTIAL
DESIGN

INTRODUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
Residential design refers to the designing of people’s homes as opposed
to commercial property. The object of these designers is to create interior
that fit the functioning of clients’ homes, but also reflect each client’s
personal taste. A home is a personal space and excellent residential interior
design personalizes the designs of homes.
For example, an interior designer could have several homeowner clients
that live in the same complex of cookie cutter condominiums. Effective
residential design would ensure that each condo uniquely fits the homeowner
as much as possible. The color scheme is likely to be different in each home as
is the function and look at the rooms.
Home designs for parents of young children are different from
residential interior design for childless layout needs to be used quite
differently in terms of function. Furniture in a child’s bedroom needs to be
easily person may use the extra bedroom space as an office or guest
bedroom.
Interior designers have architectural knowledge and understand the
construction details of rooms. For instance, if a homeowner wants to remove
walls to create large, more open living spaces, a designer with experience in
interior residential design can draw up a plan for completing the project as
well as make suggestions for which materials to use. Residential interior
designers are familiar with working within floor plans and building codes. The
understand not only the architectural details of windows, doors and walls, but
how these affect a home’s overall design.
Residential interior designers work with contractors to create well-built
interior that offer stylish and functional living spaces.
An interior designer may also be an architect. Both architect and
residential interior design career require a good understanding of both art and
science since building design must be efficient usable as well as stylish
attractive.
Residential interior design includes everything from the ceiling to floor of a
home, but the scope of each project varies. Designers must work within each
homeowner’s budget and tastes.

Designers that offer residential interior designing service may work for a small
or large design company or be self-employed. They may specialize in a certain
type of residential design for interiors such as tropical or eco-friendly
Lots of people right now are just bored with the recession and all that junk
that they have nothing better to do than to “design” their own homes. It really
gets when people call themselves “designers” when they really have to special
training or talents that have anything to do with design outside of their own
home. A residential design interior is different when it’s not done in your own
taste. Residential design is an technical work because is implement the
working efficiency of the person living inside the house. As flow of money
increase in market, and to maintain their status in society people need well
designed interior, because residence is a place which denotes the personality
of the person living inside the house.
Better interior increase the working efficiency of the person living in the
house. As now people spend less time at home, because both man and
women starts working, so in this case they want proper interior design so that
they should do less work at home, and get refresh for the next day working.

Residential building has been divided into five sub groups:
• Lodging or rooming houses
• One or two family private dwelling
• Dormitories
• Apartment houses
• Hotels
 Lodging Or Rooming Houses :- provided with separate
accommodation for a total of not more than 15 persons with dining but
without cooking facilities.
 One Or Two Family Private Dwelling:- a dwelling occupied by
members of a single family and hade a total sleeping accommodation for
not more than 20 persons is provided in any residential building.
A dwelling can be:
• Detached house: sufficient margins are left on sides, front and rear. It
include amenities like private garden, swimming pool etc. a detached
house permits highest form of residence and is applicable at places where
land prices are comparatively low.
• Semi-detached house: a common boundary wall in form of structural
barrier divides an independent plot into two units.
• Row of houses: generally preferred by low income families. It may be single
or double storied. It is a row of housing with minimum requirement such as
living room and kitchen.
• Apartment or flat houses: an apartment consist of three to ten story's may
accommodate two to six flats or apartments. The land and common
facilities are shared.
• Duplex: It is one type of modern lifestyle having split levels in such houses
living room, family room, kitchen, dining room and bedrooms are located at
different levels

 Duplex:- It is one type of modern lifestyle having split levels in such
houses living room, family room, kitchen, dining room and bedrooms are
located at different levels Sky scrapers: they are high rise building.
 Dormitories:- sleeping accommodation with or without dining
facilities. Made for persons who are not members of same family.
 Apartment Houses:- these includes any building structure provided
for two , three or more families living independently.

C
O
M
M
E
R
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C
A
L
D
E
S
I
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N

CASE STUDY
I Have Suppose To Make Plan Of House The Land Area Of House Is ( 50’x 60’ )
For A Small Family Or Four People
• Husband - Male ( 41 Year's Old )
• Wife - Female ( 40 Year's Old )
• Girl - 18 (Year's Old )
• Boy - 14 (Year's Old )
I Have To Do A Space Planning For A Client (Mr. Kapoor) Who Is A Business
Man. He Has A Family Of Two Children In The Age Group 18 years girl And 14
Years Boys, and wife who loves gardening
I Supposed To Design An Open Plan For This Family Where The Plot Size Given
Is (50’x60’) Feet And The Requirements Being Living Room, Kitchen, Master
Bedroom, Children’s Bedroom, Closet, Sit Out, Powder room , Guest Room
They Require A Two Terrace Garden at the first floor And They Love More Of
Lighted Up Spaces Which Are Bright And Lively.
And A Wife Need A Beautiful Garden And Beautiful Landscaping And A View
Of Landscaping At Kitchen Side
They Also Require Secondary Door In A House
Considering all the needs and requirements of my clients I had
plan a house according to client and his family

HOW TO DO PLANNING
When We Have To Plan A Devise We Have To Focus On Such Following Points
:-
 Always Use Compass Before Staring ANY Planning Process
 For This We Get Direction – East, West, North, And South
 Now Check The Sunlight On The Plot
 Locate The Activities Which Requires Energy And Happiness Between
Towards The North Side.
 The Zone Which Requires Less Sunlight Needs To Be Positioned Towards
The North Side
 The Orientation Of The Building Should Be North, South Because This
Orientation Allows More Sunlight Into The House
 East, West Orientation Is Not That Effective While Devising Any Plan
 Device Cavity Wall Construction In The MAIN Wall
These Walls Are-
• 6 Inch External Wall. Than A Gap Of 5 To 8cm Than Another Wall Of 4 Inch
Thickness. This Air Gap Acts As A Bad Conductor For External Temperature
To Entre Inside
• The Glass Used For South Facing Windows Are “Low E – Emissivity Glass”
 Fall Celling Is A Option To Cool Room Temperature
 Building Overlap Or Enveloped By Air, Water And Sunlight
Slant Roof Helps To Stop Heating The Roof
 Use Deciduous Tress In South To Decrease The Speed Of Air
 Water Bodied Should Be Taken In South Direction Because When The Air
Flows From South Into The House Moving Above The Water Bodies The Air
Carries Moisture And Intern Becomes Cooled There Bye Lowering The
Temperature Of The House
 Place More Windows In South And West And This Is The Wind Ward
Direction Of The Building
 Do Not Use Concrete More On The Landscape .Use Covered Grass On The
Landscape
 Make Rain Water Harvesting Tank On The Side Which Is Connect With The
Water Collected On The Tress During The Raining Season.

MAP OF INDIA
India Lies On The INDIAN Plate, The Northern Portion Of The Indo Australian
Plate, Whose Continental Crust Forms The Indian Subcontinent. The Country
Is Situated North Of The Equator Between 84’ And 376’ North Latitude And
687’ And 9725’ East Longitude. It Is The Seventh Largest Country In The
World With A Total Area Of 3,287,263 Kilometers. India Measures 3214 Km
From North To South And 2933 From East To West. It Has A Land Frontier Of
15,200 Km And A Coastline Frontier Of 7,517 Km
Climate Of India
The Whole Of India Has Tropical Monsoon Climate Since The Greater Part Of
The Country Lies Within The Tropics And Climate Is Influenced By The
Monsoon.
Longitude – 68o East To 98o East
Latitude – 8o North To 37o North
Location Of India – North To East

MAP OF RAJASTHAN
It Can Help Us Locate Various Sites In Particular Ares. We Can Also Use A Map
Tool Find Out Mean Out Near By Facilities. This Allows Us To Get Information
In Short Span Of Time
Rajasthan
India’s Largest State By Area, Located On The Western Side Of The Country.
Western Rajasthan Is Relatively Dry And Infertile And Southern Part Is Wetter,
Hilly And Fertile. On Average, Winter Temperature Range From 8°-28 ° C And
Summer Temperature 25 °-46 ° C. My Site Is Situated In Ajmer.
• Longitude- 69° E To 78° E
• Latitude- 23° N To 30° N

SITE CONSIDERATION
My Site Is Situated In The City Of Ajmer And The Plot Is In The Area Of Civil
Lines In The Picture Below. I Have Provided The Location Of The Through
Google Map
Ajmer
Ajmer Has A Typical Desert Climate And Hot And Arid. Summers Are Hot With
Maximum Temperature Near 40° C While Minimum Is 28° C. Winters Are
Chilly With Minimum Temperature 5° C.
My Site Is Located At Civil Lines, Ajmer.

SITE LOCATION
This Is The Plot Location Where I Am Supposed To Design The Residence Of
_MR. Khandelwal_ As Per The Case Study
SAVITRI
COLLEGE
1
R.T.D.C
2
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
6
SITE
4
AJMER
HOSPITAL
5
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
6
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
6
Site
4
As My Plot Is Situated At A Peak Point The Areas Like –
• Bus Stop Is Nearly 2.5 Km From Railway Station
• Government Girls College Is Nearly From Ajmer Hospital
• Shopping Centers For The Need Of The People Resisting In This Location
• This Plot Is Situated Away From Hustle And Bustle To City
Savitri College –
R.T.D.C –
Residential Zone –
Ajmer Hospital –
Site -

ACCESSIBILITY TO THE SITE
The Main Entrance And The Main Road Abutting The Site Is Very Important Fir
Any Kind Of Project
NORTH
Entrance Of My Site Is North Facing

BULIDING BYE LAWS
.
Building bye laws consists of certain rules and regulation framed by a
municipal or town planning or urban development board to control the
development of area under its jurisdiction. The aim of framing the bye laws is
to ensure provision of reasonable minimum requirements and standards in
the planning and construction activities of building in the zone. The bye laws
are framed paying due regards to the weather conditions, local construction
practice, availability of materials, labour and other similar factors
Objectives of bye laws –
The building bye laws are essential to achieve the following objectives –
• It prevents construction of building in a haphazard manner
• It lays down guidelines to be followed by architect / engineer in evolving
the building layout and plans to ensure planned development of the area
as a whole
• The building which are planned based on bye laws are comfortable to live
in , have proper light and ventilation and are safe
• Bye laws serve as a standard document for the local bodies to lawfully
enforce the prescribed norms in the planning of building by the architect
 The various aspects of building activities covered by the bye laws is
summarized as under :
• All mandatory plan regulation regarding , land use , coverage ,set backs
and open space. The minimum set backs to be leave in a building should
bee from front is 10’ rom both of the side and back 3’ to 5 ‘
• Number of stories and number of dwelling units
• Parking standards, lightning and ventilation of room
• Distances from electric lines and structural safety requirements
• Size and height of room and other requirements of the building
• Fire protection requirements like fire proof door , emergency alarm
system, fire pump , fire lift, and fire resistance material
• Building services which include electrical installations, air conditioning
heating and plumbing systems etc.
To follow building bye laws we can make a building which has proper
ventilation, good day lighting, air circulation , open space and many other
advantages

It Is Mandatory Plan Regulation Regarding Use, Land Use, Coverage, Set-back
And Open Space. The Minimum Set Backs To Be Leave In A Building Should Be
From Front Is 10’ From Both The Side And Back 3’ To 5’. The aim of framing
the bye-laws is to ensure provision of minimum requirements and standards
in the planning, designing and construction activities of building in a zone.
N

SITE ORIENTATION
`
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
WINTER SUN
SUMMER SUN
INTENSE SUN
Preferred
Zone For
Building
Orientation
Acceptable
QUADRANT
Of
Windows
orientation
TOTAL SHADE
In Every Plan Orientation Is Very Important, By Orienting The Plan The Space
Will Be More Lighted Up And Ventilation Will Be Proper In A Space.
Orientation Helps Us To Decide Where To Place The Doors And Windows For
Proper Sunlight And Ventilation.
Well Oriented Buildings Maximizes Daylighting, Reduces The Need Of
Artificial Lighting.

Frist Of All We Need To Pay Attention To The Direction Of The Sun And Its
Movement In The Four Direction
If We Pay Attention To The Diagram Of Sun’s Movement We See The Sun
Rises From The East And The Color Of The Sun’s Light At That Time Is Tender
Yellow, The Whole South Direction Is Completely Lighted Up Throughout The
Day And Is The Most Hot Direction But At The Same Time The Cool Wind
Blows From East To West Because Of Which The House Will Have More
Sunlight And Air
ORIENTATION OF SITE
`
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST
EAST
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST
EAST

CLIMATOLOGY
Climatology Is The Branch Which Deals With The Climate And The Changes
Throughout Of The Weather
The Design, Execution And Success Of A Project Mainly Depends On The
Environment Factors Enclosing The Building And Affecting The Internal And
External Environment As Well As The Inhabitants.
The Climatology Of Place Is Divided Into Two Parts
• Macro – Climate
• Micro - Climate

MACROCLIMATE –
Macroclimate Is The Climate Of A Large Geographic Areas Such As
Geographic Zones, Continents And Oceans Or Large Parts Thereof, Or Even
The Entire Earth; It Deals With Main Climatic Features Of These Areas. If Such
A Part Of The Earth’s Surface Is Sufficiently Uniform In Its Geographic Factors
And Conditions Of General Atmospheric Circulation It Will Have A Certain
Macroclimate. Macroclimate Are Characterized By Quantitative Indexes That
Refer To The Entire Area Being Considered That Is, Intervals Which Particular
Climatic Characteristics Change Throughout The Area Or Their Average Values
For The Entire Area. The Macroclimate Is Contrasted With Local Climate And
Microclimate.

MICRO CLIMATE –
A Microclimate Is A Local Set Of Atmospheric Conditions That Differ From
Those Of The Surrounding Area. It Is The Climate Of A Small, Specific Place
Within A Large Area. An Area As Small As Yard Or Park Can Have Several
Different Microclimate Depending Upon How Much Sunlight, Shade Or
Exposure To The Wind Is There At A Particular Spot. To Maintain The
Microclimate Of A Space Or A Residential Building, Various Methods Can Be
Used Such As Landscaping Around The Building, Cavity Wall Construction,
Slanted Roof, Water Bodies And Also Of Right Material Are The Best Examples
Or We Can Say Methods To Maintain Or Control Microclimate.
SAVITRI
COLLEGE
1
R.T.D.C
2
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
6
SITE
4
AJMER
HOSPITAL
5
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
6
RESIDENTIAL
ZONE
6
Site
4

ORIENTATION
Orientation of the building is used to refer to solar orientation which is the
sitting of building with respect to solar excess a thought any building will have
different orientation for it and different sides. The orientation can refer to a
particular room or to the most important of the building.
The building orientation can have a impact on heating lighting and cooling
costs.
Now, we need to pay attention to the direction of the Sun and its movement
in the four direction. If we pay attention to the diag. (1.4) of Sun’s movement,
we can see that the Sun rises from East and the color of the Sun light at that
time is yellow. The whole South direction is completely lighted up throughout
the day and is the most hot direction but at the same time the cool wind
blows from the west direction. The deciduous trees should be taken up in the
south direction because in summers it acts as a wind-break whereas in
winters they shed their leaves so that the direct sun light can enter into the
building.
IMPORTANT POINTS NEEDS TO BE UNDERSTAND
• Always use a compass before starting any planning process.
• From this, get the directions East, West, North and South.
• Now, check the sunlight on that plot.
• Locate the activities which requires energy and happiness between East,
West and South direction.
• The zone which requires less sunlight needs to be positioned towards the
North direction.
• The orientation of the residence should be South-East because the
orientation allows more sunlight into the house.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Before starting a plan, we need to pay attention to the orientation of the
building. The plan assigned to me is North facing.

PLANNING CONSIDERATION
To design any living area, proper planning and brain storming needs to be
done. The planning phase of any residence is the most important phase
because this leads to the development of the structure of the house based on
the shape and form. The design must be planned based on the needs of the
person. Being an interior designer, one has to see that our design has to be
functional so that the person can feel and enjoy to live in the space.
In India, we have a climate which is hot and dry throughout the year and the
sun shines brightly the whole year with winter months being less. To devise a
proper design one must see the outside building envelope along with the
interior space to meet the client requirements. Now, according to this, I have
to devise a plan for living area.
While planning anything for living areas one must consider the size and the
location of the plot. At time the area of the plot is given, we need to find
(length x width)( Here I am assuming the rectangular living room). It is always
advisable to visit the location of the plot.
Firstly, We have to put the magnetic compass at the center of the plot. Then,
check with the four directions (i.e., North-South-East-West) of the plot. While
designing we have to take care of utilizing maximum sunlight in the house and
then locate the activities which requires energy and happiness between the
four directions. The various factors should be kept in view while planning of a
building like:-
• Aspect:
• Prospect
• Circulation
• Privacy
• Grouping
• Economy
• Sanitation
• Flexibility

PLANNING OF BUILDING
All Building Exert Direct And Indirect Influence On The People Who Use The
Building As Well As The Ones Who See The Building. The Direct Influence Is
Judged From The Feed Back As To How Far The Building Help In Making Its
Occupants Comfortable, Healthy And Cheerful. The Indirect Influence Is Far
Reaching As It Not Only Affects The Occupants Of The Building Who Are
Influenced By What They See Of The Outside As It Forms A Part Of The Overall
Development And Landscape. The Relation Of Site With Its Environment And
The Site Itself Would Influence The Moulding Of The Architects Scheme. The
Topographical Features Of The Site With Natural And Architect Surroundings
Are To Be Taken Into Account While Panning And Designing A Building. The
Architects Is Faced With Either Of The Two Possible Situations While Planning
a) When the site for the proposed building is already earmarked
b) When the site for the building is not decided and the choice is left to the
planner
SELECTION OF SITE --
Following factors should be kept in view while making the selection of site for
for the building : -
1. The site should perfectly be situated on an elevated and levelled ground. It
should not be located in a flood prone area
2. The soil at site should not be of black cotton or made up type and should
have good value of bearing capacity
3. The water table of ground at the site should not be high
4. The site should not be irregular in shape or have sharp corners. The site
should preferably rectangular on square in shape
5. The site should be in a developed area having facilities like shopping,
educational, drainage, sanitation fire station etc.
6. The site should be located away from quarries, kilns, industrial, plants /
building smoke , steam, fumes of obnoxious odour, noise or other similar
environmental pollutants.
.

1. The site should have unobstructed natural light and air and the building
on the proposed site should not get overshadowed from adjacent
building
2. The site property should have clear status of the present ownership or
the title of the property
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
The main objective of planning is a ensure that the different components of a
building are so arranged that the occupants can perform desired function with
ease and comfort. Good planning also requires that the entire area available
with the building is gainfully utilized, with minimum area allocated to
circulation. Maximum percentage of our building comprise of dwelling and as
such the various principles of planning which are given below relevant to
house
The various principles which should be kept in view while planning of building
can be broadly summarized as under.
1. Aspect
2. Prospect
3. Grouping
4. Privacy
5. Furniture Requirements
6. Roomies
7. Circulation
8. Sanitation
9. Elegance
10.Flexibility
11.Economy

ha
• ASPECT:
Aspect Refers To Proper Arrangement Of Doors And Windows To The Exterior
Walls In Order One Can Enjoy The Natural Climate And Fell Comfortable And
Also Provides Hygienic Comfort.
• PROSPECT:
Prospect Refers To The Outer Surrounding. One Can Enjoy The Outer
Landscaping Or Exterior Environment By Interconnecting Through The
Window With A View And Also With The Doors.
• CIRCULATION:
Circulation Means Internal Space Or Access Provided Between One Room To
The Other Through Passage, Stairs, Ramps Etc.. Proper Circulation Provides
Comfort And Convenience. Circulation Should Be Short, Straight & Properly
Ventilated. Circulation Space Can Also Be Made Within The Room. Normally At
Least 3’ Circulation Space Should Be Left Between The Things In The Room.
• PRIVACY :
Privacy Is Considered To Be One Of The Most Important Principle Of Planning
In All Building Specially In Residential Building. Privacy May Be From One Part
To Another Part Of The Same Building Or It May Be The Privacy Of All Parts Of
The Building From Neighboring Buildings, Public Streets Or Bye Ways Etc.

VENTILATION
Ventilation (HVAC) IS THE PROCESS OR “PROCESSING”OR REPALCING AIR IN
ANY SPACE TO PROVIDE HIGH INDOOR AIR QUALITY. Ventilation Is Used To
Remove Unpleasant Smells And Excessive Moisture, Introduce Outside Air To
Keep Room Prevent Stagnation Of The Interior Air.
VENTILATION MAY BE ACHEVIED EITHER BY NATURAL OR BY ATIFICCAL
MEANS-
1. Creation Of Air Movement
2. Prevention Of Undue Accumulation Of Carbon – Dioxide
3. Prevention Of Suffocation Conditions In Conference Rooms, Committee,
Halls, Cinema Halls, Big Rooms Etc.
4. Prevention Of Flammable Concentration Of Gas Vapor
5. Proper Growth Of Hormones And Biological Rhythm
The Air Flow Must Be Directed Towards The “Living” Or Occupied Zones Of
Building Air Exchange May Be Done With Some Air Velocity, But Generally Low
Velocity Mechanical System To Transpiration Openings In A Building Can Be
Manipulated To Increase Or Decrease The Speed Of The Air Movement Often
Considered Part Of “Bioclimatic Design”
Natural Ventilation Is Effective For Cooling Building That Are Properly Shaded
And Otherwise Designed To Suite Local Climate Conditions Such As Air,
Temperature, Humidity Etc.
Going Into A Non Air – Conditioned Building During Hot Weather Is Like Going
From The Frying Pain To Oven, Where The Air Is Hot And Stagnant
Ventilation Includes Both The Exchange Of An Air To The Outside As Well As
Circulation Of Air Within The Building It Is Most Important Factor Of
Marinating Acceptable Indoor Air Quality In Buildings.
Proper Ventilation Their Must Have 10 Times Air Exchange In One
Hour Cross Ventilation Take Place Till 45 Feet Without Any
Mechanical Means

SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION
Ventilation May Be Divide Into Two Categories –
1. NATURAL VENTILATON
2. MECHANICAL VENTILATION
1. NATURAL VENTILATION – Is The One In Which Ventilation Or Artificial
Ventilation Use Of Doors, Windows Ventilators And Skylights. It Is Usually
Considered Suitable For Residential Buildings And Small House. In Natural
Ventilation, Cross Ventilation Is Normally Relied To Secure Air Movement. It Is
Not Usually Considered For Big Building, offices, Conference Halls,
Auditoriums, Large Factories Etc.
Natural Ventilation Depends On Two Effects –
• Wind Effect
• Stack Effect
1. WIND EFFECT – This Effect Of Ventilation Depends Upon The Direction
Of Velocity Of Wind Outside And Sizes And Position Of Opening
• Wind Blows On Right Angle To One Face Of A Building Pressure And
Negative Pressure
• Produced On Windward Face
• Pressure Is Produced On The Leeward Face
WIND WIND
WIND
WINDWIND
WIND
WIND
WIND
WIND

STACK EFFECT –
This Effect Of Ventilation Is Affected By The Convection Effects Arising From
Temperature Or Vapor Pressure Difference Between Inside And Outside Of
The Room And The Difference In The Height Between The Outlet And The
Inlet Opening.
Inlet Inlet
Outlet Outlet
(a) a>30 (b) a<30 (c) Flat Roof
Suction
Zone
Pressure Zone Pressure Zone Pressure Zone
Suction Zone
Outlet
Inlet Inlet

MECHANICAL VENTILATION –
Is The One Which Some Mechanical Arrangements Are Made To Increase The
Air Of The Air Flow The System Is More Use For Large Buildings, Assembly,
Factories Etc. Through The Systems Is More Costly, It Results In Considerable,
Efficiency Of The Persons Using The Building It Is To Maximize Occupant
Comfort And Minimize Energy Consumption Mechanical Ventilation Includes
Cooling And Humidity Control This Be Referred To As Heating Ventilation And
Air Conditioning (HVAC)

OVERHANG
Overhangs can be very useful for intense sun and rain control. They also
reduce the glare of daylight. As an interior designer we pay attention to
overhangs. Overhangs have several important functions. They can protect
exterior doors, windows, and siding from rain, they can shade windows when
solar heat gain is undesirable, and they can help keep basements and crawl
spaces dry. A house with improper overhangs can overheat in the summer,
can suffer from water entry problems at windows and doors, and can have
premature siding rot.
Types of Overhang –
(1) Roof overhang - Roof overhang protect siding, doors, and windows from
rot and water entry. The most important function of wide roof overhang is
to help keep water off doors and windows. A house without roof overhang
leaves siding unprotected and vulnerable, like an orphaned lamb released
near a pack of wolves. Doors and windows can be protected either by roof
overhangs, by recessing windows and doors in thick walls, or by including
head casing and head flashing that are designed to be significantly proud
of the siding plane.
Roof overhang
Roof
overhang

Light Shelves –
Windows receive a large number of energy from the sun. light shelve is an
horizontal plane placed below the top of a window, usually just above
door height allow height allow light to reflected from its upper surface to
the ceiling height
Light shelves
Overhang
Light shelves
Overhang

BIO CILAMATIC DESIGN
Bio Climatic Design Has Developed Out Of Sensitivity To Ecological And
Regional Contexts And The Need To Conserve Energy And Environmental
Resources “Bioclimatic” Is Linked To The Biological, Physiological And
Psychological Need For Heat And Comfort Conditions In Building By
Understanding The Micro –Climate And Resulting Design Strategies That
Include Natural Ventilation, Day Lighting And Passive Heating And Cooling
Bioclimatic Design Is Based On The Natural Flows Of Energy In An Around The
Building Created By The Interaction Of Sun, Wind, Precipitation, Temperature,
Humidity And Vegetation In The Air And Ground
Bioclimatic Design Was Enlarged To Include Landscape, Water And Waste
Nutrient Recovery
It Is A Way To Design For Long Term And Sustainable Use Of Environmental
And Material Resources
Bioclimatic Design Refers To The Design Of Buildings And Spaces (Interior –
Exterior – Outdoor) Based On Local Climate, Aimed At Providing Thermal And
Visual Comfort, Making Use Of Solar Energy And Other Environmental
Sources. Basic Elements Of Bioclimatic Design Are Passive Solar Systems
Which Are Incorporated Onto Buildings And Utilizes Environmental Sources
(For Example, Sun, Air, Wind, Vegetation, Water, Soil, Sky) For Heating, Cooling
And Lighting The Buildings.
The Reduction Of Energy Consumption In Buildings Can Be Achieved By Simple
Methods And Techniques, Using A Appropriate Building Design (Bioclimatic
Design) And Energy Efficient Systems And Technologies, Such As “Passive Solar
Design” At First Emphasizing Solar Heating Broadened To Include Passive
Cooling And Day Lighting.
Natural Ventilation Can Provide Comfort In All Seasons, Especially In Summer
When It Can Reduce On Eliminate The Need For Air Conditioning In Some
Climates. The “Resources” Of Bioclimatic Design Are The Natural Flows Of
Energy
And Around A Building Created By The Interaction Of Sun, Wind, Precipitation,
Vegetation, Temperature And Humidity In The Air And In The Ground.

AIR CAHNGE
Conduction – From Hotter Object By Direct Contact
Convection – From The Air Film Next To A Hotter Object By Exposure To
Cooler Air Currents
.
- Radiation M Hotter
Object To Cooler Object
Within The Direct View
Of Each Other
Regardless Of The
Temperature Of Air
Between
- Evaporation – The
Change Of Phase From
Liquid To Gaseous State
: THE Sensible Heat In
The Air Is Lowered By
The Latent Heat
Absorbed From Air
When Moisture Is
Evaporated
- Thermal Storage From
Heat Charge And
Discharge Both
Diurnally And
Seasonally, A Function
Of Its Specific Heat,
Weight And
Conductivity
Path Of Energy Exchange At The Building
Microclimate

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN STRATEGIES
In winter (or under heated purpose), the objectives of bioclimatic design are
to resist loss of the heat the building envelope and to promote gain of solar
heat. In summer (or overheated periods),these objectives are the reverse, to
resist solar gain and to promote loss of heat from the building interior .the
strategies can be set forth as:
1. Minimize conductive heat flow
2. Delay periodic heat flow
3. Minimize infiltration
4. Provide thermal storage
5. Promote solar gain
6. Minimize external air flow
7. Promote ventilation
8. Minimize solar gain
9. Promote evaporative cooling
BIOCLIMATIC ANALYSIS :-
Analysis of climatic data is a first step in any bioclimatic design. While it is
simple matter to obtain local climate data, some vigilance is required in
applying it, preliminary analysis of local climate and for identifying effective
design strategies. Humans are comfortable within a relatively small range of
temperature and humidity Conditions, Roughly Between 68 – 80F (20-26.7c)
And 20-80% Relative Humidity (RH), Referred To On Psychometric Chats As
The “Comfort Zone”
.

TOPOGRAPHY
Topography Refers To The Configuration Of Surface Features Of A Plot Of Land,
Which Influences Where And How To Build And Develop A Site.
For Aesthetic And Economic As Well As Ecological The General Intent In
Developing A Site Should Be To Minimize The Disturbance Of Existing
Landforms And Features While Taking Advantage Of Natural Ground slopes
And The Microclimate Of The Site
 Site Development And Construction Should Minimize Disrupting The
Natural Drainage Patterns Of The Site And Adjacent Properties
 When Modifying Landforms, include Provisions For The Drainage Of
Surface Water And Groundwater
 Attempt To Equalize The Amount Of Cut And Fill Required For
Construction Of A Foundation And Site Development
 Avoid Building On Steep Slopes Subject To Erosion Or Slides
 Wetlands And Other Wildlife Habitants May Require Protection And Limit
The Buildable Area Of Site
 Pay Particular Attention Of Building Restrictions On Sites Located In Or
Near A Flood Plain
 Elevating A Structure On Poles Or Piers Minimizes Disturbance Of The
Natural Terrain And Existing Vegetation
 Terracing Or Stepping A Structure Along A Slope Requires Excavation And
The Use Of Retaining Walls Or Bench Terracing
 Pay Particular Attention To Building Restrictions On Sites Located In Or
Near A Flood Plain. Elevating A Structure On Poles Or Piers Minimizes
Disturbance Of The Natural Terrain
 Terracing Stepping A Structure Into A Slope Excavation And The Use Of
Retaining Walls Or Bench Terracing
 Cutting A Structure Into A Slope Or Locating It Partially Underground
Moderates Temperature Extremes And Minimizes Exposures To Wind And
Heat Loss In Cold Climates

GREEN BUILDING / LEED CRERTIFICATION
Leadership in energy and environment design (LEED) is a set of rating systems
for the design construction, operation and Mainatnce of green building homes
and neighborhoods.
The term green building and sustainable are used interchangeably to describe
any building designed in an environmentally sensitive manner
It developed by the U.S green building council (USGBC), LEED helps building
owners and operators by environmentally responsible and use resources
efficiently
LEED Green Building Rating Systems –
1. Sustainable site – deals with reducing pollution associated with activity
2. Water efficiency – capturing rain water and gray water for conveying
sewage and treating waste water
3. Energy and atmosphere – increasing resources to reduce the
environment impact , reducing ozone layer depletion and global warming
4. Materials and resources – maximize materials which re-cycled
materials and reduce waste
5. Indoor environmental quality - includes cavity walls windows, air
etc. The design promote comfort , well being of building occupants by
improving indoor air quality, maximize day lightning, windows placements
and ventilation of spaces.
6. Innovation and design process – when any design plan as per the
requirements by LEED and demonstrates performance is acceptable. If any
design comes up with A design which exceeds the requirements of
LEED , it is called innovation design process

L E e DLEADERSHIP IN ENERGY & ENVIORMENTAL DESIGN

f
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rain Water Harvesting : It Is Also Another Important Factor Of Building
Envelope. Landscaping, Water Body, Heat Insulated Material, Cavity Wall
Are Use To Control Air And Heat. Rain Water Harvesting Is A Technique
Used For Collecting, Storing And Using Rainwater For Landscape Irrigation
And Other Use
Rain Water Harvesting
Rain Water Tank
Soil
Solid Floor
Water level increase due to absorption of rain water in soil
Rain Water

People Like Daylight . We Like Interior Spaces To Have Plenty Of Daylight. The
Variety And Range Of Light And Color That We Experience In A Forest Grove
Engages All Of Our Sense . Day Light Design Could Aspire To The Same
Inspirational Effect . Day Lighting Can Be Employed To Conserve Energy And
Can Enhance Visibility The Principal Values Of Day Lighting Are More
Intangible
 Many Factors Are Involved With The Use Of Daylight In
Building –
1. Aesthetics – The Paly Of Light From Windows On Surface And Textures
Casting Interesting Shadows, The Endless Variety Of Mood And
Appearance Due To The Movement Of The Sun.
2. Psychological Response - The Sense Of Well Begin Associated With
Daylight And The Sense Of Orientation That Comes With Being
“Connected” With The Exterior
3. Health – Improved Resistance To Infections, Skin Disorders, And
Cardiovascular Impairments
4. Energy / Cost - Reduction In Electric Use And Related Air
Conditioning Load From Electric Lighting
 Physiological Benefits Of Day Lighting
1. Full Spectrum Lighting: It Prevents Rickets, Helps Keep The Skin In A
Healthy Condition, Is Responsible For The Production Of Vitamin D In The
Body And Destroys Germs.
2. Orientation: People Inside The Building Who Lose Contact With The
Exteriors May Feel Insecure About Possible Escape From Fire. People Are
Frustrated And Distracted When Not Able To Sense What The Weather Is
Outside And To Have Some Sense Of Nature’s Time.
DAYLIGHT

 Psychological Benefits Of Day Lighting : -
1. Sunshine: The Presence Of Direct Sunshine In Interior Environment Is
One Of The Strongest Psychological Benefits, As The Evidence Of A Desire
By Most People For Some Direct Sun Is Strong.
2. View: In The Techniques Of Admitting Daylight Into The Building Often
Go Together With Windows, Daylight And View. The Best Views Are Those
That Include Some Sky, Horizon And Foreground. Broad Horizontal
Windows Are More Satisfying Than Narrow Vertical Windows, An Optimal
Size Being 20 To 30 Percent Of The Exterior Wall. Narrow And Tall
Windows Are Good For Sunlight And Broad Windows For The View.
3. Brightness Gradients And Color Constancy: Colors Seen With
Daylight Will Appear Real And Appropriate Through Something Called
“Color Constancy”; Color Produced By Daylight Will Vary Form Dawn To
Noon To Dusk, As Well As The Color Reflection From Adjacent Surfaces.
4. Contrast And Glare: Contrast Is Necessary For Visual Perception, The
Result Of Luminous Differences That, In Turn, Are Dependent Upon The
Luminance Falling On The Task And Reflectivity Of The Task. Glare Is
Usually Associated With Brightness Differences Or With Reflected Light.

• The Objective To Design A Window Is To Provide As Much Of The Indoor
Lighting Requirement With Day Lighting Without Compromising Other
Energy.
• Wide Windows Are Used For Viewing Purpose And Tall Windows Are
Used For Having Sun’s Light Inside The House.
• The Whole South Direction Is Completely Lighted Up Throughout The Day
, Wide Windows Are Used In Southern Side So That No Glare Can Come
Inside The House .
• Northern Side Is A Darker Zone , It Has Less Sun’s Light If We Use Tall
Windows In Northern Side Maximum Sun’s Light Can Be Entered Inside
The House.

LANDSCAPING
Landscaping can improve the microclimate in both summer and
winter, providing shading evaporative cooling and wind channeling
in summer, or shelter in winter. Vegetation absorbs large amounts
of solar radiation in summer helping to keep the air and ground
beneath cool while evapotranspiration can further reduces
temperature
FOUNDATION PLANT
• Like Corner Plants Foundation Plants Help Anchor The House To The
Ground
• Generally Taller Plants Are Placed At The Corner With The Height Of Plant
Descending Towards The Entrance
ENTRANCE PLANTING
The Plants Used Like Entry Way Drive Way Or Garden Way Or Entry Of House.
Here The Plant Grouping Should Be Used In A Same Way To Invite The Viewer
To The Designated Place To The Entry
BORDERS
Grouping Of Plants Used To Decline A Space In The Yard Or Divide A Space Are
Called Borders While Placing Borders They Should Be Tall, Leave Space
Between Borders To Avoid Monotony
SPECIMEN PLANT
• Centre Of Attention Plant
• It Should Be Used Sparingly As They Dominate Landscape
• Accent Plant Is Also Like A Specimen Plant But A Little Sub Tile
• The Foundation Plant Directs The Eye Of A Viewer To The Entrance

APPROACH
There Are Different Types Of Approaches They Are-
FRONTAL APPROACH -
A frontal approach leads directly to the entrance of a building along a
straight, axial path. The visual goal that terminates the approach is clear; it
may be the entire front façade of a building or an elaborated entrance within
the plane.
OBLIQUE APPROACH -
A oblique approach enhances the effect of perspective on the front façade
and form of a building. The path can be redirected one or more times to delay
and prolong the sequence of the approach. If a building is approached at an
extreme angle, its entrance can project beyond its façade to be more clearly
visible

SPIRAL APPROACH –
A spiral path prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the
three dimensional form of a building as we move around its perimeter. The
building entrance might be viewed intermittently during the approach to
clarify its position or it may be hidden until the point of arrival
CIRCULAR APPROACH -
Circular approach refers to the way which is round to enter in the house
from its boundary wall.
.

PERPENDICULAR APPROACH -
Perpendicular approach refers to the way which is mostly at the 90o. It
gives out the formal look.

S, lifts
CIRCULATION
Circulation Means Internal Thoroughfares Or Access Provided In A Room On
The Same Floor. Passage, Halls And Lobbies Perform The Function Of
Circulation On The Same Floor, Such Provisions Are Termed As Horizontal
Circulation. On The Other Hand, Stairs, Lifts, Ramps, Etc. Which Serve The
Purpose Of Providing Means Of Access Between Floors Get Covered Under
The Category Of The Term Vertical Circulation
Following Aspects Should Be Kept In View To Achieve Good
Circulation :-
I. For Comfortable And Convenience, All Passage , Corridors, Halls Etc. On
Each Floor Should Be Short, Straight, Well Ventilated And Sufficiently
Lighted
II. The Location Of Entrance Passage And Staircase Which Serve As Link
Between Various Room And Floors, Need Careful Consideration Right T
The Initial Stage Of Planning
III. In A Multistoried Building, The Staircase, Which Perhaps Serve The Only
Unfailing Means Of Vertical Circulation, Should Be Planned Paying Due
Regard To The Size Of Tread And Riser, Width Of Stair And Landing, Light
And Ventilation Etc. Staircase Should Be So Located That They Do Not
Introduce Upon Privacy Of Any Room Or Cause Disturbance In The
Horizontal Circulation
IV. Toilets, Should Be Planned Near The Staircase Block For Easy Accessibility

Circulation Options –
 Horizontal Circulation option - the leading factors controlling the
design of an interior are deploying areas of activity with associated
support systems. The people walking through the spaces and using the
facilities also have to be considered by the designer, whilst
acknowledging their feelings, emotions and proclivities. As soon as the
plan and circulation concepts come together, the designer will begin to
visualize the spaces in use and the finishes, materials, lighting and colors
begin to emerge.
 Vertical Circulation – Stairway are often areas given the least thought
and yet can make a building more or less easy and joyful to use
depending on their design. Static straight or dog-dog staircase for a
person to climb from step to step, or a ramp if the incline is about 1.12
ratio.

STAIR CASE
A Stair May Be Defined As A Series Of Steps Suitability Arranged For The
Purpose Of Connecting Different Floors Of Building
Location Of Stairs -
The Location Of Stairs In Building Requires Careful Consideration. In The
Advent Of Fire Or Any Such Calamity, Stair Provide The Only Means Of
Communication And As Such They Are So Located As To Serve The Purpose For
Which They Are Provided, In Residential Building It Should Be Placed Centrally
So As To Provide Easy Access From All The Rooms And The Maintain Privacy At
The Same Time
Technical terms –
 Tread - The Horizontal
Upper Part Of The Step On
Which Foot Is Placed
Ascending Or Descending
Stairway.
 Riser- The Vertical
Portion Of A Step
Providing Support To
The Tread
 Nosing – The Outer Projecting Edge Of A Tread
 Handrails – It Is Provided To Render Assistance In Negotiating A Stairway
 Baluster - It Is A Wooden, Metal Or Masonry Vertical Member Supporting A
Hand Rail
 Newel Post – It Is A Wooden Or Metallic Post Supporting The Head Rail And
Is Usually Provided At The Hand, Foot Or At Points Where The Balustrade
Changes Is Direction
THREAD
BALUSTERS
HANDRAIL
STRING
RISE
NOISNGNEWEL
POST
TREND

WINDOWS
A Window May Be Defined As A Opening Made In A Wall For The Purpose Day
Light, Vision And Ventilation. The Construction Of Window Is Identical To That
Of Door. Window Consist Of A Window Frame And Shutter. The Frame
Consists Of Two Vertical Members Called Jambs, one Flat Member Connecting
The Jambs At Top, Know As Head And Another Flat Member Connecting The
Jambs At Their Feet Known As Sill. Windows Are Normally Provided With Two
Leaves. The Selection Of Size, shapes Location And The Number Of Windows
To Be Provided In A Room Depends Upon The Following Considerations –
1. Size Of Room To Be Lighted
2. Location Of The Room And Its Utility
3. Architectural Treatment Is To Be Given To The Building
4. Direction Of Wind And Its Speed
5. Climatic Considerations Of The Site Such As Humidity. Temperature
Variations Etc. .
Windows Play A Critical Role In The Aspects Of Home Design, Windows Are
The Most Significant Factor Influencing How The Place Looks To The Outside
World. The Second Element Is Site Embrace. Window Capture View And Make
The Connection Between The Indoors And The Natural World Beyond
.Window Are About Comfort. They Led In Light And Air Protect Against
Extremes Of Weather.
The Power Of Window Is Often Most Evident When The Size, Type Or Location
Is Miscalculated. Then Rooms Are Either Glaringly Bright, Depressingly Dim,
But If Planned Right, Windows Can Be The Key To Enjoying Ambience Inside
And Out
Five Things To Consider When Planning Window Placement :-
1. Fresh Air
2. The Views
3. Maximize Natural Light
4. Room Function
5. Maintaince And Cleaning

CLASSIFICATION OF WINDOWS
1. Fixed window
2. Pivoted window
3. Double hung window
4. Sliding window
5. Casement window
6. Sash or glazed window
7. Louvered or venetianed window
8. Metal window
9. Bay window
10. Clerestory window
11. Corner window
12. Dormer window
13. Gable window
14. Skylights
15. Fanlights
16. ventilators
DOUBLE HUNG SLIDING WINDOW CASEMENT
CORNER WINDOW SKYLIGHT

PROJECTED FRAME
AWING WINDOW
SINGLE HUNG
PICTURE WINDOW
BOW WINDOW
BASEMENT
GARDEN WINDOW
SINGLE SLIDING
WINDOW
BAY WINDOW
PIVOTED WINDOW
LOUVERED WINDOW

DOORS
A Door Can Be Defined As A Framework Of Wood, Steel, Aluminum, Glass Or
A Combination Of These Martials Secured In An Opening Left In A Wall For
The Purpose Of Providing Access To The Users Of The Structure. It Basically
Consists Of Two Parts That Is (i) A Frame And (ii) Shutter (Leaf).
The Frame Is Normally Made Up Of Timber. This is an account of the fact
that timber is easily available everywhere and it can be worked into different
shapes without different shapes without difficulty. However where economy
is the main consideration, frames made up of steel or precast R.C.C members
are generally used
Door Frame
Door Frame Is Made Up Of Two Typical Members Known As Jambs Or Posts
And Flat Member Connecting The Jambs At Top Called Head. The Cross-
sectional Dimensions Of The Jamb And The Head Are Normally Kept Same.
The Size Of Door Frame Is Worked Out After Allowing A Clearance Of 5 Mm.
All-round For Convenience Of Fixing The Frame In The Opening.
Location of doors
1. The Doors Should Be Provided In Opposite Walls Facing Each Other.
2. Doors Should As Far As Possible Be Located Near The Corner Of A Room
(About 20 Cm Away From The Corner)
3. Door Should Meet The Functional Requirements Of The Room.
4. Number Of Doors In A Room Should Be Kept Minimum To Achieve
Optimum Utilization Of Space. Large Number Of Doors Besides Causing
Obstruction, Consume More Area In Circulation
Size of doors
The size of doors to be adopted for a room depends basically upon the
functional requirements of the room. In case of W.C or bath room where only
one person is expected to go at a time a door width of (75cm) is considered
adequate. On the other hand, the size of a garage door should be such that it
may permit a car to pass through.

DOORS
Types of doors
1. Battened And Ledged Doors
2. Battened Ledged And Braced Doors
3. Battened Ledged, Braced And Framed Doors
4. Framed And Panelled Doors
5. Glazed Or Sash Doors
6. Flush Doors
7. Fly Proof Doors
8. Revolving Doors
9. Sliding Doors
10. Swing Doors
11. Collapsible Steel Doors
12. Rolling Steel Doors
13. Rolling Grill Doors
14. M.S. Sheet Doors
15. Fire Check Doors

WALL PLANE
Wall plan decide the working efficiency of a person who is sitting inside. Each
wall has its own personality when it convert into form Every human being has
a required of a space and this space is perfect of a person behavior
SPACE ORGANIZATION

SPACE ORGANIZATION
 PARALLEL AND VERTICAL PLANES
• A pair of parallel vertical planes defines a field of space between them. The
open ends of field, established by the vertical edges of the planes, give the
space a strong directional quality, its primary orientation is along the axes
about which the planes are symmetrical since the parallel planes do not meet
to form the corners and fully enclose the field. The space is extroverted in
nature.
• The definition of spatial field along the open ends of the configuration can
be visually reinforced by manipulating the base plane or adding overhead
elements to the composition.
• The spatial field can be expanded by expanding the base plane beyond the
open ends of the configuration. This expanded filed can in turn be terminated
by a vertical plane whose width and height is equal to that of the field.
• If one of the parallel plans is differentiated from other by changes in form
color or texture, a secondary axes perpendicular to the flow of the space will
be established within the field. Openings in one or both of the planes can also
introduce secondary access to the field and modulate the directional quality
of the space.

SPACE ORGANIZATION
 L-SHAPED PLANE
• An L-Shaped configuration of vertical planes defines a field of space along a
diagonal from its corner outward. While this field is strongly defined and
enclosed at the corner of the configuration, it dissipates rapidly as it moves
away from the corner. The introverted field at the interior corner becomes
extroverted along its outer edges.
• While two edges of the field are clearly defined by two planes of the
configuration, its outer edges remain ambiguous unless further articulated by
additional vertical elements, manipulations of the base plane or an overhead
plane.
• The two planes will be isolated from each other and one will appear to slide
by and visually dominate the other.

SPACE ORGANIZATION
 U-SHAPED PLANE
• A U-Shaped configuration of vertical planes defines a field of space that has
inward as well as outward orientation. At the closed end of the configuration
the field is well defined. Towards the open end of the configuration the field
becomes extrovert in nature.
• If openings are introduced at the corner of the configuration secondary
zones will be created within a multidirectional and dynamic field.

TYPES OF ROOF
It is the uppermost component of a building and its main function is to cover
the space below and protect it from rain, snow, wind, etc. There are three
kinds of roof namely pitched roof, slanted roof and straight roof.
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Pitched Roof Lean To Roof
Roof
Roof
Floor
Wall
Tapered Roof

UNIVERSAL DESIGN
Universal Design Makes Designer , Universal Building Owner More Sensitive
To What Can Be Done To Improve The Long Term Quality Of What We Build
Design And Long Term Building Quality Is Improved By Designing For Easier
Access, Reduced Accidents , Easier Way Finding And Transit Of People An
Good, And Design Details For People All Ages Sizes And Capacities And
Increase The Working Efficiency Of The People In The Environment They Live
All People Experience Changes In Mobility , Agility And Perpetual Acuity
Throughout their Life Span From Childhood To Adulthood At Any Time In Our
Lives We May Experience Temporary Or Permanent Physical Or Psychological
Impairments Which May Be Disabling And Which May Increase Our
Dependence Upon Certain Aspects To The Physical Environment
ACCESSIBLE DESIGN – Is The Design That Meets Standards That Allow
People With Disabilities To Enjoy A Minimum Level Of Access To Environment
And Products.
• Sensory Impairments : Design Of Information System –
This Includes Vision Hearing And Speech Impairments Including Total And
Partial Loss Of Function And Leads Us To The Design Recommendation For
Redundancy Of Communication Media To Insure That Everyone Can
Receive Information And Express Themselves Over Communication
Systems
• Dexterity Impairments : Design Of Operating Controls
And Hardware -
• This Includes People With Limitations In The Use Of Their Hands And
Fingers And Suggests The “Closed First Rue” Testing Selection Of Equipment
Controls And Hardware By Operating It With A Closed Fist .

• MOBILITY IMPAIRMENTS : Space And Circulation
Systems–
This Includes People Who Use Walkers, Crutches , Canes And Wheelchairs
Plus Those Who Have Difficulty Climbing Stairs Or Going Long Distances .
The T- Turn And 5 Ft. (1052m) Diameter Turing Area Provide Key Plan
Evaluation Criteria Here
Designers Must Listen To And Hear From Perceptive Spokes People
Who Can Articulate The Needs And Response Of –
People Of All Stages Of Life – Youngsters , Elder, Children And Other Who
Have Difficultly With Mobility, Lighting Distractions And Disorientation :-
• Wheel Chairs Users And People With Other Physical Differences
• People With Visual And Aural Impairments
• All People Under Conditions Of Emergency
• People With Other Physical Differences
Universal design
safe and secure
Cost efficient
Ever time
Resource
efficient
SOCIAL
ENVIORMENTALECONOMIC

ANTHROPOMETRY
Interior Design Is All About Space And People. To Make A Building
Architecturally Successful, The Link Between Space And Inhabitants Of That
Space Is Very Important. No Space Can Be Designed Without The Information
Of Human Dimensions. The Link Has To Be Established In Many Ways –
Physical , Psychological, Emotional And Much More. This Scientific Study Of
Human Dimension Relating To Individuals And Group Is Called
‘Anthropometry’ And The Application Of Anthropometric Data May Look Very
Direct And Simple
The Simple Methodology For Anthropometrics Study Related To Architecture
And Interior Design. The Dimensional Study Of Individuals And Groups In
Motion And Without Motion. The Dimensional Study Of Individuals And
Groups In Terms Of Intimate, Social And Public Zones. Special Study On
Dimensional Requirements Of Physically Handicapped And Elderly People

Ergonomics Means Designing Of Space With The Use Of Anthropometrics
Data For Useable Zones
For E.g.: Devising Of Proper Relaxation Chairs While Watching T.V, Selection
Of Door Handles For Opening Doors, The Selection Of Many Other Things
Based On Anthropometrics Data.
ERGONOMICS

THE RULE OF THRID
 The rule of third refers to the idea of dividing a composition into thirds
based on a grid .
 The most important element of a composition fall on the lines in between
to create a strong composition.
 A slightly off center balance Is more visually interesting and harmonious
than an evenly centered composition.
 A rectangle has been divided horizontally and vertically by 4 lines.
 The rule of third states that the centers of interest for any rectangle lie
somewhere along those lines.

THE GOLDEN MEAN
Golden mean relationship between sizes that is pleasing to the human eye.
This concept was first formally recognized by the ancient Greeks and
examples of the golden mean can be observed through Greek artwork and
architecture.
The golden mean appears in everything from atomic structures
to galaxies. Graphic designer can use these proportion to create work that
instinctively looks ‘right’ there`s a mathematical ratio commonly found in
nature the ratio of 1 to 1.618 – that has many names .
Most often we call it the golden section , golden ratio , or golden mean . But
it`s also occasionally referred to as the golden number , divine proportion ,
golden proportion , Fibonacci numbers, and phi.

THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
 The Fibonacci sequence is also one of the most elemental building blocks
found in nature.
 The principle is based on the Fibonacci sequence which is a series if
numbers to denote proportions 2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233 etc. the
each no. in this series is the sum of the two no. proceeding it.
 Proportion are based on the number pi, which measurement are
approximately 1.618 times one another in a layout.

LOUIS KAHN’S PRINCIPLES
Every human has a different personality that consist of one or more
characteristics. There personalities react differently in different environment
or with different people. Consider a space as a person every space has its own
personality with several spatial characteristics that differ. These characters
causes the space to interact with other spaces in a certain manner. These
characteristics can be categorized as seven expressions of human behavior.
• Leader/ Following LIVING ROOM
• Grouping BEDROOM
• Loner MASTER BEDROOM
• Servant BATHROOM
• Watcher LIVING ROOM, BEDROOM
• Outreaching LIVING ROOM
• Worker KITCHEN

1. LEADER – Persons Quality Attracts People Follow The Term, The Space
Leading Character Gathers Spaces.
2. GROUPING – People Gathered For A Certain Purpose Or Goal By
Limiting. These Space Are Related To Each Other
LEADING
FO
FO
FO
FO
GRGR
GR

3. SERVANT – A Space That Serves Another Spaces In Some Way That To
Be Needs To Be A Adjacent
4. WORKER – A Space That Offers Supplies To Other Space
SERVANT
B
L
GR
V
V
V
WO

x
5. Outreaching - The Space Where Is Located Near The Entrance For
Activities That Relates To Outreaching It Represents Social Behavior
6. Watcher – The Most Important Thing Is Watcher To See Views Of
Outsides And Attraction With Environment Inside With Outside
OR
ENTRANCE
WA
WA
WA

x
7. Loner - The Space Between From Groups For A Person Who Prefers
More Privacy And Avoids Social Interaction And Stays Away From Crowd . Like
- Master Bedroom
LO

S.C.A.M.P.E.R. TECHNIQUE
 S – Substitute :
What Could Be Use Instead. What Kind Of alternate Material Can I Use ?
 C – Combine :
What Could Be Added ?How Can I Combine Purpose?
 A – Adapt :
How Can It Be Adjusted To Fit Another Purpose ? What Else Is Like This?
 M – Magnify :
What Happens If Exaggerate A Component? How Can It Be Made Larger Or
Stronger Magnify. How Can It Be Made Smaller Or Shorter
 P – Put To Another Use :
Who Else Might Be Able To Use It, What Else Can Be Used For Other Than Its
Original Purpose ?
 E - Eliminate :
What Can Be Removed Or Taken Away From It.
 E – Elaborate :
What Can Be Expanded Or Developed Reverse.
What Can Be Turned Around Or Placed In An Opposite Direction.
 R - Rearrange :
Can I Interchange Any Component ? How Can The Layout Or Pattern Be
Changed ?

THE DESIGN PROCESS
The Design Process Is A Term That Covers A Set Of Operations Which, When
Carefully Undertaken By The Designer, Result In A Thoroughly Considered And
Well- Crafted Design Solution That Meets The Needs Of The Client. The
Process Is Not Exclusive To Interior Design And, In One From Or Another,
Applies To All Fields Of Design. Design Might Be Seen As A Largely Linear
Activity, With A Start Point, And An End Point, When The Project Has Been
Implemented. However, The Reality Is That Within The Process Many Of The
Individual Tasks Are Interrelated And Highly Dependent Upon One Another, So
Changes To One Element Of A Design Solution Will Often Require That Earlier
Parts Of The Process Are Revisited And Revised As Appropriate. You Should Try
To See The Design Process As A Malleable One Where The Different Tasks Are
Adaptable To The Unique Nature Of Each Project. The Design Process Tasks
Are Adaptable To The Unique Nature Of Each Project. The Design Process Is
Not A Standard ‘One Size Fits All’ Solution, And You Will Need To Develop Your
Understanding Of Its So That You Can See How It Might Be Used To Meet The
Needs Of Individual Projects That You Work On.
Further the Design Process is classified into 4 broad categories:
1. ANALYSIS
2. DEVELOPMENT
3. IMPLEMENTATION
4. EVALUATION

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The elements are components or parts which can be isolated and defined in
any visual design or work of art. They are the structure of the work ,and can
carry a wide variety of messages. The elements are-
• Point
• Line
• Shape ,form and space
• Movement
• Color
• Pattern
• Texture
 POINT
Even if there is only one point or one mark on a blank page there is something
built into the brain that will meaning for it and it seeks some kind of
relationship or order. If there are two points, immediately the eve will make a
connection and see a line. If there is three points it is unavoidable to interpret
them as a triangle the mind supplies the connections.
 LINE
A line is a mark made by a moving point and having psychological impact
according to its direction, weight and the variation in its direction and weight.
It is enormously useful and versatile graphic device that is made to function is
both visual and verbal ways.
 FORMS AND SHAPE
Forms and shape are areas or masses which define objects in space. Forms
and shape imply space; indeed they cannot exist without space. Form and
shape can be thought of as either two-dimensional or three-dimensional.
Two-dimensional form has width and height. It can also create the illusion of
three-dimensional object. Three-dimensional shapes has depth as well as
width and height.

 MOVEMENT
Movement is the design element that operates in fourth dimension- time.
Movement is the process of relocation of object in space over time. We can
speak of movement as literal or compositional. The physical fact of movement
is part of certain designed objects; we are speaking here of literal movement.
 COLOUR
Color is one of the most power full element. It has tremendous expressive
qualities. Understanding the use of color is cr4ucial to effective composition in
design and the fine art. The word color is general term which applies to the
whole subject- red orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, black and white and all
possible combinations therefore.
 PATTERN
Pattern is an underlying structure that organizes surface or structure in a
consistent, regular manner4. pattern can be describe as a repeating unit of
shape or form, but it can also be thought of as the “skeleton” that organizes
the part of composition.
 TEXTURE
Texture is the quality of an object which we sense through touch. It exists as a
literal surface we can feel, but also as a surface we can see, and imagine the
sensation might have if we felt it. Texture can also be portrayed in an image,
suggested to the eye which can refer to our memories of surface we have
touched. So a texture can be imaginary.

The principles are concepts used to organize or arrange THE structural
elements of design. The way in which these principles are applied
affects the expressive content, or the messages of the work. The
principles are-
 BALANCE
 PROPORTION
 RHYTHM
 EMPHASIS
 UNITY
 BALANCE
It id the concept of visual equilibrium and relates to our physical sense
of balance. It is a reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition that
results in visual stability. Most successful composition achieves balance
in one of two ways: symmetrically or asymmetrically balance in a three
dimensional object is easy to understand if balance isn’t achieved, the
object tips over. To understand balance in a two dimensional
composition, we must use our imagination to carry this three
dimensional analogy forward to the flat surface.
 PROPORTION
It refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a
design. This issue the relationship between object and part of whole.
This means that it is necessary to discuss proportion in term of the
context or standard used to determine proportions. A surprising aspect
of proportion is way ideal proportion can vary for the human body
itself.
.
PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN

 RHYTHM
It can be described as timed movement though space; an easy,
connected path along which the eye follows a regular arrangement of
motifs. The presence of rhythm creates predictability and order in a
composition. Rhythm depends largely on sound/ music are very exact
to the idea of rhythm is a visual composition. The different is that the
timed “beat” is sensed by eyes rather than the ears.
 EMPHASIS
It is also referred to as a point focus or interruption. It marks the
locations in a composition which most strongly draw the viewers
attention. Usually there is a primary, or main, point of emphasis, with
perhaps secondary emphases in other parts of the composition. The
emphasis is usually an interruption in the fundamental pattern or
movement of the viewers eyes though the composition, or a break in
the rhythm.
 UNITY
It is the underlying principle that summarizes all of the principles and
elements od design. It refer to the coherence of the whole, the sense
that all of the parts are working together to achieve a common result; a
harmony of all the parts. Unity can also be a matter of concept. The
elements and principles can be selected to support the intended
function of the designed object; the purpose of the object unifies the
design.

CASE STUDY – 2
From The Above Case Study I Am Taking A Part Of It That Is The Living Room
For Design Development

ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT OF LIVING ROOM

CONTEMPORARY STYLE
It means “existing, occurring, or living at the same time; belonging to the
same time.” And that is exactly the same for the use of the term in interior
design. Contemporary design refers to what is popular or used right now.
Contemporary design can be very eclectic for that reason, because it is ever
changing and borrows pieces and styles from all different eras. It doesn’t have
to be something that is “designed” right now – for example; furniture and art
from the modern era are often used in contemporary design, and tradition
moldings and millwork are incorporated in many cases.
Right now a contemporary home might incorporate large windows, unique or
odd shapes, open plan and harmony with the surrounding landscape. The
finishes would use a lot of natural elements such as fir or cedar and stone.
The finishing details and furniture are in-ornate and use clean lines. Comfort
and sustainability are key values that are important in a contemporary home.
Around here we tend to refer to it as “West Coast Contemporary”. In twenty
years from now, something else will be considered “contemporary”
Contemporary design is ever changing. It is of the moment. Contemporary
design is a living, breathing entity.

MOOD
CALM Calm Mood
All these colors need to be used
for creating a CALM MOOD in the
living room by using the , right
material and furnishing material on
five points –
 FLOORING
 WALL
 CELING
 ACESSIORS
 LIGHT
Primary Color Scheme
Primary colors - are sets of colors that can be combined to
make a useful range of colors
BOARD
In any stressful, combining grayed or lightened tints of blue will produce a
calming and restful effect. Lightened blue is at the centre of color
schemes that reassure and are considered truthful and direct. Cool colors
with tints can maintain a sense of well-being and peace. It is important
that the complements and accents of these tranquil hues are similar in
value, as hues which are too vivid can create unwanted tension
Rose Meadow
9406
Summer Yellow
2010
Blue Illusion
9167

It means “existing, occurring, or living at the same time; belonging to the same time.” And
that is exactly the same for the use of the term in interior design. Contemporary design refers
to what is popular or used right now. Contemporary design can be very eclectic for that
reason, because it is ever changing and borrows pieces and styles from all different eras. It
doesn’t have to be something that is “designed” right now – for example; furniture and art
from the modern era are often used in contemporary design, and tradition moldings and
millwork are incorporated in many cases.
Right now a contemporary home might incorporate large windows, unique or odd shapes,
open plan and harmony with the surrounding landscape. The finishes would use a lot of
natural elements such as fir or cedar and stone. The finishing details and furniture are in-
ornate and use clean lines. Comfort and sustainability are key values that are important in a
contemporary home. Around here we tend to refer to it as “West Coast Contemporary”. In
twenty years from now, something else will be considered “contemporary”
Contemporary design is ever changing. It is of the moment. Contemporary design is a living,
breathing entity.
CONCEPT
BOARD
Living room
15’ X 18’`
Vestibule
5’ X 6’
Verandah
5’ X 7’
KEY PLAN OF MY LIVING ROOM`
Living room
15’ X 18’`
Vestibule
5’ X 6’
Verandah
5’ X 7’

Flooring Design
Living room
15’ X 18’`
Vestibule
5’ X 6’`
Verandah
5’ X 7’
LIVING ROOM PLAN
`
o WOODEN FLOORING
o VITRIFIED FLOORING
o STONE FLOORING
o PARQUET FLOORING
o CERAMIC FLOORING
FLOORING TYPE
species: Maple
color: Tinder
5” wide
50 year finish warranty
Species: Maple
Color: Evening Light
4.5" Wide
50 Year Finish Warranty
LIVING ROOM 1.1. Living Room
2. Verandah
21
I Have Choose Wooden Floor For
Living Room And Vestibule
Company - Pergo
I Have Choose Vitrified Floor
For Verandah
Company - Nitco
1
2

LIVING ROOM
1
Wall Design
Living room
15’ X 18’`
Vestibule
5’ X 6’
Verandah
5’ X 7’
2
1
Living Room
Comapny -Asian Paints
Material - Texture
1
Living Room
Company -Asian Paints
Color – White 7050
2

MOOD BOARD
FURNITURE DESIGN
Chair – Maia DMAIMI204
Cushions – Maia DMAIMI2074 Silk Bl6631 /15
Company Name - Sanderson
ARRANGEMENT
1. TOW SEATER
SOFA
2. L – SHAPED SOFA
3. CENTRE TABLE
4. SINGLE CHAIR
Company Name – Bonaldo
Size – 305cm / 30”X180cm/81”
Material – Fabric Leather
Company – Wood Sworth
Name –Size –14”X40”X40”
Material – Mango Wood
Brand: CasaCraft
Height: 30 inches
Dimensions: H 30 x W 57 x D 33
Material: Fabric
1.
2.
3.
4.

Accessories Board
LIVING ROOM
Brand – Marigold
Size – 90in x 48in.
Color – Beige
Material - Polyester
Company – Asterlano
Material – Wool
Color - Orange
Size – 96”X 60” (LXB)
Machine made
Brand: Decardo
Diameter: 3.5 inches ,
Height: 13 inches
Material: Ceramic
Color: Green
Brand: The Rug Republic
Dimensions - 47”X 71”
Color: Multicolor
Material: Wool And Fabric
Brand: LaCasa
Dimensions 7.5” X 7”X14”
Material: Polyresin
Color: White
Brand: Safal Quartz
Dimensions - 12”X 2”X12”
Material: MDF
Color: Brown & Black
Brand: House This
Color: White
Dimensions – L- 12”
Diameter- 6 Inches
Material: Cotton

LIGHTING BOARD
Brand: Le Arc Designer Lighting
Total Dimensions : 18.1 x 18.1 x 17.3
Holder & Plug type: E27 Holder
Brand: Crafter
Dimensions (26”X26”X62”)
Shade Color: Grey
Shade Diameter: 16
Base Height: 40
Base Material: Wood & Metal
Brand – Crompton
Size – 6in. X 6in.
Price – 850 Rs.
Power – 2W
Brand: Jainsons Emporio
Dimensions (16”x16”x10”)
Cord Material: Metal
Cord Length: 0.6 Meter
Fixture Material: Stone
Fixture Color: Multicolor
Fixture Diameter: 16
Fixture Height: 10
LIVING ROOM
Brand – Philips
Size – 12in. X 4in.
Base Color – Brown
Brand: The Frame Address
Dimensions 24”X7”X10”
Material: Mild Steel with Swaroski Crystals
Weight: 3 Kg
Color: Multicolor
Brand - Mudramark

Living Room Space Planning
Standard Dimensions
Living Room
Standard Dimensions
Name – Ashita Laddha
B.Sc - Interior Design
I Year Residential Diploma
www.dezyneecole.com
Top Plan of the Living Room (25’X 18’) Area- 445.5 sq. feet
Living Areas
Primary Activities:
• Entertainment
• Watching Television
• Listening to music
• Reading
• Writing
• Studying
• Relaxing
• Resting
• Children’s Play
Secondary Activities:
• Dancing
• Hobbies and crafts
• Eating
• Parties
• Using home computer
Internet
Furniture Clearances
To assure adequate
space for convenient
use for furniture in the
living area, not less than
the following clearances
should be observed:-
 60” between facing seat
 24” where circulation
occurs between furniture
 30” for use of desk
 36” for main circulation
 60” between home
entertainment center and
seating.
CONVERSATION ZONE
ConversationZone
CIRCLULATION DAIMETER
8’ – 10’
ACTIVITY
ZONE
CONVERSATION ZONE
S.
No
Object
Furniture
Standard
Dimensions
Optimum
Dimensions
1 3- SEATER SOFA 2’4”X3’ (1 Seat) 2’4”X3’
2 CENTRE TABLE Varies 4’X4’
3 LOVE SEAT 2’X2’ 2’X2’
4 COFFEE TABLE 2’ (Diameter) 2’ (Diameter)
5 SIDE TABLE 2’ 2’
6 TV UNIT 5’X 1’ 5’
7 BOX WINDOW VARIES VARIES
8 DOOR 4’ 4’
9 WINDOW 4’ 3’

Dining Room Space Planning
Standard Dimensions
Dining Room
Standard Dimensions
Name – Ashita ladha
M.Sc.- Interior Design
www.dezyneecole.com
Top plan of the Dining room (13’8”X13’8”)
Dining Areas -
Primary Activities :
 Seating the table
 Serving food
 Eating
 Cleaning up after meals
 Storing dishes
S.No Object
Furniture
Standard
Dimensions
Optimum
Dimensions
1 Dining Table 4’X4’ 4’X4’
2 Dining Chair Varies 24”X18”
3 View Window Varies 6’
4 Powder Room 5’X4’ 5’X4’6”
 Children’s Play
 Reading
 Writing
 Studying & Homework
 Entertainment
 Board Games
Principal Factors :
 Number of person to be
seated.
 Space for chairs and for
passage behind them .
 Space used at the table.
 Storage space for china
glassware silver and
linen.
 Size of type of Furniture
 Seating Arrangement.
DINING TABLE
CIRCULATION ZONE
8’-10’
WAYTOLIVINGROOM
WAY TO KITCHEN
POWDER ROOM
CABINET

Standard Dimensions
Dining Room
Standard Dimensions
Name- Ashita Laddha
B.Sc.- Interior Design
www.dezyneecole.com
Top plan of the Dining room (15’2’’X13’8”)
SIZE OF PLACE SITTING -
The minimum width needed
for each place sitting is 21
inch. How - ever a width of
up of 29 inches is desirable
for greater freedom of
movement. A 25 inch width
is usually adequate; this
permits chairs 19 inches
wide to be placed 6 inches
apart The minimum depth
for placing setting is 14 ½
Inches . These dimensions
allow space for- China,
Glassware, Sliver & Elbow.
PASSAGE BEHIND
CHAIRS –
The minimum space
recommended for passage
behind chairs in 22 inches, a
satisfactory range is 22 to 25
inches .If passage behind the
chairs is not required , a
minimum of 5 inches plus
the depth of the chairs must
be provided for pushing back
chair when leaving the table.
S.No Object
Furniture
Standard
Dimensions
Optimum
Dimensions
1 Chair 2’X2’’ (1 Seat) 1’6”X’1’8”(1 Seat)
2 Dining Table Varies 5 (Diameter)
3 Window Varies 6’
4 Door 4’ 4’
5 Powder room Varies 5’X5’
CABINET
DINING TABLE
POWDER ROOM
WAY TO LIVING ROOM
PASSAGE BEHIND
CHAIRS
CIRCULATION ZONE
8’- 10’

Standard Dimensions
Dining Room
Standard Dimensions
Name- Ashita Laddha
B.Sc.- Interior Design
www.dezyneecole.com
SIZE OF TABLE –
The minimum Width
recommended is 36 inch as
Satisfactory width is 36 to 44 inch
if 25 inch - wide pace setting are
Provided and if One Person is
Seated at Each of Table Then
Minimum and Recommended
Table Lengths Are Follows : -
Top plan of Dining room (13’X16’)
S. No Object
Furniture
Standard
Dimensions
Optimum
Dimensions
1 Chair 2’X2’(1 Seat) 2’X1’8” (1 Seat)
2 Dining Table 5’6”X7’6” 5’6”X7’6”
3 Powder room 5’X4’ 5’X4’
4 Window Varies 6’
5 Door 4’ 4’
Person Minimum
Inches
Recommend
Inches
4 54 60
6 79 84
8 104 108
10 129 132
12 154 156
SPACE FOR TOTAL DINING AREA-
With the Same conditions noted
Previously /and with Ample 42 Inch
Space For Passage on all Sides of 42
Inch – Wide Table. Requires Sizes
Are As Follow -
Person LXW,
Feet
= Area
Square feet
4 10-1/2X12 = 126
6 10-1/2X14 = 147
8 10-1/2X16 = 168
10 10-1/2X18 = 189
12 10-1/2X20 = 210
DINING ROOM
CABINET
POWDER ROOM
WAYTOLIVINGROOM
CIRCULATION ZONE 8’- 10’

Bed Room Space Planning
Standard Dimensions
Bed Room
Standard Dimensions
www.dezyneecole.com
Top Plan of the Bed Room (14’X 13’)
Living Areas
Primary Activities:
• Sleeping
• Dressing
• Storing Clothes
• Personal Care
• Reading
• Writing
• Studying
• Working
• Watching Television
• Exercising
• Hobbies And Craft
• Ironing
• Telephoning
Furniture Requirements
There Are Minimum
Requirements For Furniture
And Space If Occupants Are
Able To Carry Out Their Normal
Bedroom Activities
There Are Two Basic Types
Of Bedrooms –
 Single Occupancy
Bedrooms, Which Will
Accommodate On Single
Bed.
 Double – Occupancy, Which
Will Accommodate On
Double Bed Or Single Beds
ConversationZone
S.No Object
Furniture
Standard
Dimensions
Optimum
Dimensions
1. King Size Bed 78” X 80” 78” X 80”
2. Bed Side Table 1’6’’ X 1’8” 1’6” X 1’8”
3. Dresser 21” X 48” 21” X 48”
4. Dressing Table 18” X 36” 18” X 36”

Bed Room Space Planning
Standard Dimensions
Bed Room
Standard Dimensions
www.dezyneecole.com
Top Plan of the Bed Room (16’X 15’)
Furniture Requirements
There Are Minimum
Requirements For Furniture
And Space If Occupants Are
Able To Carry Out Their Normal
Bedroom Activities
There Are Two Basic Types
Of Bedrooms –
 Single Occupancy
Bedrooms, Which Will
Accommodate On Single
Bed.
 Double – Occupancy, Which
Will Accommodate On
Double Bed Or Single Bed
Clearances
Clearances Should Be
Provided In Front Of And
Around Furniture Of Bedrooms
So That Primary Activities Can
Take Place Efficiently Comfort.
In Some Cases , Greater
Clearances Are Required To
Satisfy The Needs Of Elderly
People , Wheelchair Users ,
And With Disabilities
ConversationZone
S.No Object
Furniture
Standard
Dimensions
Optimum
Dimensions
1. Twin Size Bed 39” X 75” 39” X 75”
2. Bed Side Table 1’6’’ X 1’8” 1’6” X 1’8”
3. Dresser 21” X 48” 21” X 48”
4. Dressing Table 18” X 36” 18” X 36”

kitchen Space Planning
Standard Dimensions
kitchen
Standard Dimensions
T and C
D and C
S S
R
P
Perimeter 18’
Stora
ge LS
Ran
ge
T and C
D and C
D W
S S R
P
Perimeter 23’
M W
T and C
D W S S
D
W
S S
T and C
Perimeter
20’
M
W
CT O
V
P
Eating Bar
Broken U
kitchen.
D W S S
R
P
Eating bar
Perimeter
18’
M W
Top Plan of the U - Kitchen (10’3” X 16’)
Top Plan of the Corridor kitchen (22’) Top Plan of the Broken U kitchen (10’8”)
Top Plan of the L - Kitchen (15’ X 11’)

BOOK SHELF
Residential / Design
c
Rendered Living Room With Book Rack Design
Book Rack Top Plan
Book Rack Elevations
DESIGN BY Name & Class Ashita Laddha
Book Rack Isometric View

BOOK SHELF
Rendered Living Room With Book Rack Design
Living Room Elevations
Living Room Top Plan
Living Room Rendered Top Plan
DESIGN BY Name & Class

BOOK SHELF
BOOK RACK ISOMETRIC VIEW
DESIGN BY ASHITA LADDHA BSC ID
1’x1’x1’ Cube book rack
One book size-8”x5.5”
No of books – 5 books
1’x3’x1’ book rack
1’x1’x1’ Cube book
rack
One book size-
8”x5.5”
No of books – 5
books
1’x3’x1’ book rack
One book size-
8”x5.5”
No of books – 15
books
1’x1’x1’ Cube book
rack
One book size-
8”x5.5”
No of books – 5
booksRIGHT SIDE VIEW
LEFT SIDE VIEW
BOOK RACK FRONT VIEW
RENDERED ISOMETRIC VIEW
BOOK RACK TOP
WHY SELECT THIS RECTANGULAR GOLDEN RATIO
Golden ratio means to create a sense and harmony among the elements in the visual
construction, a ratio refers to the quantitative comparison of two similar things .The ratio of
rectangular is (3’x5’).Leonardo Fibonacci discovered a sequence of number like following series
. 1’x1; to get next number we add the previous two number together .so now our sequence is
1, 1 ,2. The next number will be 3, what do you think our next number 4 in sequence will be ?
Remember , we add the previous two number to get the next . There is what our sequence
should look like we continue like this . 1,1,2, 3,5,8,13,21______.

Top Plan 1,3,5
Rendered View
Legend
Note Project Report Drawing Title Date of Project Submitted To Submitted By
Date of Given- 28 /4 / 2016
Date of Sub.- 28 / 4/2016`
Residential Design Wooden Partition Wall Dezyne E’cole College
www.dezyneecole.com
Ashita laddha
Ist Year Diploma
S.no Object Hatch Dim.
1.
Wooden
Batten
Top Plan 2,4,6
Elevation
3d View Isometric View
Flemish bond, each course
consists of alternate
headers and stretchers.
The alternate headers of
each course are centered
over the stretchers in the
course below. Every
alternate course starts
with a header at the
corner. For the breaking of
vertical joints in the
successive courses, closers
are inserted in alternate
courses next to the quoin
header. In walls having
their thickness equal to
odd number of half bricks,
bats are essentially used to
achieve the bond
Brick Masonry

Top Plan 1,3,5
Rendered View
Legend
Note Project Report Drawing Title Date of Project Submitted To Submitted By
Residential Design Wooden Partition Wall Dezyne E’cole College
www.dezyneecole.com
S.no Object Hatch Dim.
1.
Wooden
Batten
Top Plan 2,4,6
Elevation
3d View Isometric View
Ashita Laddha
I st Year Diploma BSC
Residential Design
m
Date of Given- 28 /4 / 2016
Date of Sub.- 28 / 4/2016`
English bond consists of
alternate course of
headers and stretches.
In this English bond
arrangement, vertical
joints in the header
courses come over each
other and the vertical
joints in the stretcher
course are also in the
same line. For the
breaking of vertical
joints in the successive
course it is essential to
place queen closer,
after the first header in
each heading course
Brick Masonry

BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Building Construction
2. Color Harmony
3. Inside Outside Magazine
4. Elle Décor
5. Society Interiors
6. Interior Design Magazine

Ashita Laddha ,B.Sc-Interior Design +One Year Residential Design Diploma

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