The document summarizes the human reproductive system and various assisted reproductive technologies (ART). It describes the key parts and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It then explains the process of reproduction and discusses techniques used in ART like in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), embryo transfer, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) and surrogacy.

1. Prepared By: Vipin Kumar Shukla
Assistant Lecturer
Reproductive System

3. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
 The reproductive system enables human beings to reproduce
another human being.
 The reproductive system starts the life of every human being.
 The reproductive system of boys is different from that of girls.
 The male reproductive system is designed for production and
transport of sperm cells.
 The female reproductive system is designed for child bearing.
 The male and female reproductive systems are designed to create
new life.

4. REPRODUCTION:
 It is a process that makes possible the continuance of life in earth.
 Males and females have structures specialized for their role in
reproduction.
 The process that produces babies, young animals, or new plants.
 Is made up of several organs which include the testes, ducts,
accessory glands, and penis.
 It is specifically responsible for producing sperm cells and
hormones.
 An average man can have about 5 000 000 sperm cells in a single
drop.

5. Parts and Functions:
 Testes – sex glands located in the scrotum.
 They produce sperms and the hormone testosterone.
 Vas deferens– A long muscular tube that serve as passageway
of sperm cells released from the testes.
 Scrotum– is a pair of pouch-like sacs. It serves as skin
covering of the testes.
 Bladder– a sac in the anterior part of the pelvis for
temporary retention of urine.
 Epididymis– is a narrow coiled tube that stores immature
sperm cells.

6. Contd….
 Prostate Gland– is a wall-nut
sized gland located between the
bladder and the penis
 Urethra– an opening for
sperm and urine passage.
 Penis– is the external male
organ with a tip called glans.

7. PARTS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYTEM

8. Contd….
 Designed for conception, pregnancy and childbirth.
 It is made up of several organs which include the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
 It is responsible for producing eggs and supporting
a developing baby inside a mother’s womb.

9. Parts and Functions:
 FALLOPIAN TUBES– also called oviduct. Lies close to the
ovary waiting for the egg to enter.
 OVARIES (ovary)- produces egg cells and the sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
 Uterus– also called the womb. Shaped like an upside– down
pear. Has smooth, soft, inner lining of the uterus called uterine
lining or Endometrium.
 Fimbriae– the fringe of tissue around the fallopian tube.

10. Contd….
 Cervix– narrow opening between the uterus and vagina.
 Enlarges to let the passage of a fetus during birth.
 Vagina– also called the birth canal. Hollow muscular
tube that leads to the opening called vulva.

11. The Menstrual Cycle:
 Menstrual flow happen only among girls.
 Menstruation is part of a menstrual cycle.
 Menstruation is the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus
through the vagina.
 When a girl reaches puberty, one egg ripens or matures every 28
days.
 If no sperm cell arrives from 15 to 28, no fertilization and
implantation occurs.
 The egg cell will then breakdown along with the uterine lining as
blood.
 This marks the beginning of another menstrual cycle.

12. 28-day Menstrual Cycle:

13. Contd….
 The first day of the menstruation is the first day of the menstrual
cycle.
 As blood comes out of the vagina, the uterine lining breaks
down.
 Most of your menstrual loss happens during the first 3 days.
 During the follicular phase, an egg follicle on an ovary gets ready
to release an egg.
 This process can be short or long and plays the biggest role in
how long your cycle is.
 The uterus starts growing a new Endometrium to prepare for
pregnancy.

14. Contd….
 This phase starts on ovulation day, the day the egg is released
from the egg follicle on the ovary.
 During ovulation, some women have less than a day of red
spotting or lower pelvic pain.
 These signs of ovulation are normal.
 It is the phase of a female's menstrual cycle when an egg(ovule)
is released from the ovaries.
 At day 14, ovulation takes place. Ovulation occurs when an egg
is released by the ovary.
 The egg cells travels along the oviduct and waits for a sperm
cell.

15. ART:
 Assisted Reproductive technology is defined as the technology
used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as artificial
insemination, in vitro fertilization and surrogacy.
 In Vitro Fertilization is the uniting of egg and sperm in vitro(in
the lab).Subsequently the embryos are transferred into the
uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed to begin.
 It is the technique of letting fertilization of male and female
gametes occur outside the female body.

16. In Vitro Fertilization:
 In Vitro Fertilization is the uniting of egg and sperm in
vitro(in the lab).Subsequently the embryos are transferred
into the uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed
to begin.
 It is the technique of letting fertilization of male and female
gametes occur outside the female body.

17. Techniques:
 Most commonly used are:
 Transvaginal ovum retrieval (OCR)fallopian
 Embryo Transfer
 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
 Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
 Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
 Surrogacy

18. Less commonly used are:
 Cytoplasmic Transfer
 Assisted Zona Hatching
 Egg Donors
 Sperm donation
 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
 Embryo Splitting
 Cryopreservation

19. Transvaginal Oocytes Retrieval:
 It is also known as Oocytes retrieval is a
technique used to remove Oocytes from the
ovary of the female enabling fertilization
outside the body.
 Transvaginal Oocytes retrieval is more
properly referred to as Transvaginal ovum
retrieval when the Oocytes has matured in
the ova.

20. Process:
 Under ultrasound guidance, the operator inserts a needle
through the vaginal wall and into an ovarian follicle, taking
care not to injure organs located between the vaginal wall
and the ovary.
 The other end of the needle is attached to a suction device.
 Then the follicular fluid and cellular material is suctioned
with the needle.
 The procedure usually lasts 10-20 minutes

21. ICSI, Intra Cytoplasmic Injection:
 It is an in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single
sperm is injected directly into an egg.
 It is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where
sperm counts are very low.
 The first child borne from gamete micromanipulation was
a child in Singapore born in April of 1989.
 The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in1990,
but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on January
14, 1992.

22. Procedure of ICSI:

23. Which are the patients who need ICSI:
 Low sperm count
 Poor sperm motility
 Abnormally high amount of morphologically
atypical sperm
 Obstruction in the Epididymis due to past
inflammation
 Retrograde ejaculation
 Immunological factors

24. Embryo Transfer:
 It refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in
which embryos are placed in the uterus of the female to
establish the pregnancy
 In embryo transfer the embryos are placed in a woman’s uterus.
The goal is to create a pregnancy.
 The embryos can be either fresh or frozen. If they are frozen,
they can thawed right before they are transferred.
 It is the last step in a type of fertility treatment.

26. Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer:
 It is an infertility treatment used when a blockage in the
fallopian tubes prevents the normal binding of sperm to the
egg.
 Egg cells are removed from a woman’s ovaries, and in vitro
fertilized.
 The resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by the
use of laparoscopy.
 It has the success rate of 64.8% in all the cases.

28. Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer:
 It is a tool of assisted reproductive technology against infertility.
 Eggs are removed from a woman’s ovaries , and placed in one of
fallopian tubes , along with the man’s sperm.
 The first attempt was made by Steptoe and Edwards.
 It takes on average four to six weeks to complete the cycle of
GIFT.

29. Steps of GIFT:
 The woman must take a fertility drug to stimulate egg production in
the ovaries.
 Monitoring the growth of the ovarian follicles.
 Once they are mature, the woman will be injected the hCG.
 After 36 hours, the eggs will be harvested mixed with the man’s
sperm and placed back into the woman’s fallopian tubes using a
laparoscope.

30. Surrogacy:
 Surrogacy is when another
woman carries and gives birth to
a baby for the couple who want
to have a child.
 It is the carrying of a pregnancy
for intended parents.
 In this a woman agrees to
became pregnant and deliver a
child for a contracted party.

31. Types of Surrogacy:
 Traditional surrogacy: It is the simplest and least expensive
form of surrogacy and is also known as artificial insemination.
 The surrogate mother uses an insemination kit to became
pregnant using an intended father’s semen.
 Gestational surrogacy: It is physically more complicated and
more expensive.
 Here both the eggs and sperm are taken from intended father
and mother

32. Steps involved in surrogacy:
 Three Steps:
 Egg Donation
 Fertilization
 Transfer

33. Other techniques:
 Cytoplasmic transfer: It is the technique in which the
contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into
the infertile of the patient along with the sperm.
 Assisted Zona hatching: It is performed shortly before
the embryo is transferred to the uterus .
 A small opening is made in the Zona pellucida using
a micromanipulator , thereby facilitating Zona
hatching to occur

34. Contd….
 Egg Donors: In egg donors eggs are retrieved from a
donors ovaries, fertilized in laboratory with the sperm
from recipients partner and resulting healthy embryos are
returned to recipients uterus.
 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis: It helps in identify
genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy
outcomes.
 Embryo Splitting: It can be used for twinning to increase