Indus water treaty of 1960 and role of world bank

1. Indus Water Treaty of 1960 and
Role of World Bank
Ihsan Wassan
MS Scholar
U.S Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Water
Mehran University of Engineering & Technology,
Jamshoro

2. Contents
• Indus River- Brief Introduction
• Indus Water Treaty (IWT) - 1960
• Role of world bank
• Articles & Annexures of IWT
• Water Distribution
• Disputes between Pakistan and India
• Conclusion

3. • Indus river originates in the Tibetian plateau in the
vicinity of lake Mansarovar, runs across through the
Ladakh region of J&K towards Gilgit Baltistan & then
its flows southerly direction along the entire length of
Punjab, Pakistan to merge with Arabian sea near the
port city of Karachi.
INDUS RIVER – Brief Introduction

4. • Total Length - 3,180 km
• Basin Area - 1,165 million Sq
• Discharge - 6,600m cu/s
• Longest river of Pakistan and
• 21st largest river of world in terms of
annual flow.
INDUS RIVER – Brief Introduction

5. • The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) deals with river Indus and its
six tributaries, which are classified in 2 categories:
Indus Water Treaty (IWT)- 1960
WESTERN RIVERS
 Jhelum
 Chenab
 Indus
EASTERN RIVERS
 Sutlej
 Beas
 Ravi
• The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a water-distribution treaty
between India and Pakistan signed on September 19, 1960.
The treaty was signed by the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and Pakistan’s President Ayub Khan. It was brokered
by the World Bank.

6. Indus Water Treaty (IWT)-
1960

7. • In 1951, David E. Lilienthal, former chairman of Tennessee Valley
Authority, visited India and Pakistan.
• Lilienthal wrote an article with suggestions that Indus Basin be
treated, exploited, and developed as a single unit.
• Pakistan and India applied for loan, but loan refused to both countries
• WB would give loan if three conditions met;
1) Indus basin had enough water for both countries
2) All the rivers would be discussed
3) Past grievances put aside
Role of World Bank

8. World Bank Plan was to divide Indus Basin into 2 parts
 Pakistan – 3 Western Rivers i.e Chenab, Jhelum and The Indus
 India – 3 Eastern Rivers i.e Sutlej, Beas and Ravi
• Pakistan refused to Sign until 1958
• Signed on Treaty in 1960
• Pakistan signed on Treaty because of the fear, that since the source
rivers of the Indus Basin were in India
• Fear of droughts and famines during war
Role of World Bank

9. Article 1- definitions
Article 2- provisions regarding eastern
rivers
Article 3- provisions regarding western
rivers
Article 4 - provisions regarding eastern &
western rivers.
Article 5- financial provisions
Article 6 - exchange of data
Article 7 - future cooperation
Article 8 – permanent Indus commission
Article 9 – settlement of differences and
disputes
Article 10 – emergency powers
Article 11 – general provisions
Articles & Annexures of
IWT
Annexure A - exchange of notes
between
government of India & Pakistan
Annexure B - agricultural use by
Pakistan from certain tributaries of the
Ravi.
Annexure C - agricultural use by India
from the western rivers.
Annexure D - Generation of
hydroelectric power by India on
western rivers.
Annexure E – storage of waters by
India on western rivers
Annexure F – neutral expert
Annexure G – court of Arbitration

10. - As per provisions of the
treaty, India could use only
20% of the total water carried
by Indus.
- The remaining 80 % water
will be used by Pakistan
Water
Distribution

11. • 1948: India cuts off supply in most canals that went to
Pakistan. However, it restored it later.
• 1951: Pakistan accused India of cutting off the water
supply to several villages in Pakistan.
• 1954: World Bank produced a water-sharing formula
for both countries.
• 1960: Indus Waters Treaty Signed.
India-Pak disputes regarding Indus
waters?

12. India-Pak disputes regarding Indus
waters?• 1970s: India started building hydropower projects in
Kashmir = Pakistan raised concern.
• 1984: Pakistan opposed India building Tulbul barrage on
Jhelum = India halted the construction unilaterally.
• 2007: Pakistan raised concern regarding Kishanganga
Hydroelectric Plant.
• 2008: Lashkar-e-Taiba launched a campaign against
India. Its chief Hafiz Saeed accused India of water
terrorism.

13. India-Pak disputes regarding Indus
waters?
• 2010: Pakistan accused India of cutting off water supply
frequently.
• 2016: India reviews working of Indus Water Treaty in the
wake of cross-border terrorism (Uri attack).
• 2019: Pulwama terror attack by Jaish-e-Mohammed = the
government has decided to stop India’s share of waters in
the Indus river system from flowing into Pakistan.

14. • Pakistan and India controversies over water should be
ended.
• Pakistan signed IWT under stress and got free from
droughts fear.
• Undisturbed flow from western rivers is must for survival of
Pakistan.
Conclusion

15. Thank You Very Much !