it consist of horizontal division of society into different class, like upper, middle, lower, and on the base of caste. effects of this stratification on society.

2. Table of content
 Social Stratification
 Social Class
 Caste System

3. Social stratification
 R.W Murray
‘’social stratification is the horizontal division of
society into higher and lower social units’’
 David Popenoe
‘’ A pattern based on ranking of people according
to wealth, prestige, power, privilege.’’

4. Basic Principles
1. Trait of society
2. Persist over generations
3. Universal
4. Involves believes

5. 1.Trait of society
 It is a trait of society.
 Children born into wealthy families are more likely to
enjoy good health, get a college degree, find a good job
as compared to those who born in low class. Neither
the rich nor the poor are responsible for this
stratification, yet this system shapes the lives of all of
us.

6. 2.Persist over generations
 Inequality among societies persist over generations.
Parents pass their social standing on their children.
Social standing remains the same over a life time.

7. 3.Universal
 It is present in every society. In some societies it is a
matter of prestige, in others it is matter of power.
Some societies shoe more inequality than others.

8. 4.Involves believes
 It is based on the beliefs of the people.

9. Division of society by Renowned
Sociologists
1. Plato
2. Aristotle
3. Karl Marx
4. Adam Smith
5. Thorstein Veblen

10. Division
1. Plato
i. Workers
ii. Soldiers
iii. Philosophers
2. Aristotle
i. Very rich
ii. Very poor
iii. In between

11. 3. Karl max
i. Capitalist
ii. Worker
4. Adam Smith
i. On the rent of land
ii. On the wages of labor
iii. On the profit of land
5. Thorstein veblen
i. Workers
ii. Leisure class

12. Determinants of stratification
1. Economic resources
2. Prestige
3. Political power
4. Caste
5. Education

14. Social Class
According to Prof. Brown
‘’A social class is that group of
people who have similar income, wealth, power, and
influence’’

15. Social class
 Horton and Hunt
‘’A social class is stratum of people of
similar position in the social system’’

16. Classification
Sociological class
Upper class
Middle class
Lower class

17. Upper class
Upper- upper class Lower –upper class
 Enjoying highest socio-
economical and socio-
political status.
 Style of life is distinguishable.
 Having superiority complex.
 Having low percentage in
society.
 Similar types of occupation,
income, social participation.
 Recently acquired wealth and
prestige.
 Lack of traditional family
prestige
 Low percentage in society.

18. Middle class
Upper- middle class Lower –middle class
 These are successful
professionals.
 Most of them are
intellectuals.
 back bone of society.
 They are large in number.
 Small business. Small
landowners, worker.
 These are also the back bone.
 Country progress depends on
them.

19. Lower class
Upper –lower class Lower –lower class
 Semi-skilled workers, small
business man.
 They are often poor.
 Most hard working people.
 Hard and frustrating life.
 Own culture and behavior.
 Unskilled
 Poor
 Health not up to the mark.
 Neglected class.

20. Pakistan Social class system
Classification
Tribes
Feudal class
Clan- Biradris
Caste

21. Tribes
 These are based on class and kinship. There members
mostly live in common areas and speak common
language. They belong to similar religion and race.
 It is found in Northern Areas of Pakistan, KPK,
Baluchistan.

22. Feudal class
 These are mostly property owners. Dominate on
economy and politics.
 It is found in
 Sindh -------Wederas
 Punjab------Chaudhries
 KPK-----Nawabs, sardar, Rais
 Baluchistan------Legharis

23. Clan- Biradris
 This class membership is based on birth. Mostly live in
colonies. They have their own leaders.
 Khwajas and Memons etc.

24. Caste
 Its origin is from Hindu civilization.

25. Characteristics of social class
1. Determining the life chances
It determine the life chances. In poor society
children has bad health. On the other hand rich
children are healthy.

26. 2. Source of Happiness
For upper class there is more money and power. So
they can enjoy better facilities.

27. 3. Encouraging competition
Lower class wants to improve their status. They make
struggle for it. On the other hand upper class wants to
dominate on lower classes. So it encourages the
competition in society.

28. 4. Source of power and dignity
Economic status in society is the source of power. An
industrialist or feudal enjoys more social power as
compared to the worker.

29. 5. Getting the dirty work done
A lot of unpleasant work must be done in any society
and someone must be persuaded to do it. The lower is
function as a storehouse for unskilled labor.

30. 6. Fitting into better spot
From all the social classes, the middle class is the most
noted strenuous efforts to get a head. The reason is
that middle class parents seek to impress the children
with both the hope of advancement and fear of
dropping.

31. 7. Sub culture
Each class act as a sub culture. The high, middle, lower
classes are different in subculture with ambition,
education, working.

32. 8.Status Symbols
Status symbols are present in society. The high class
live in Gulberg, Defence, Model town etc.
Expensive mobiles, new model cars, imported dress are
some status symbols in our society.

34. Caste system
 Horton and Hunt
‘’A stratified social system in which social position
is entirely determined by percentage, no provision
for change of position.’’
 Macionis
‘’Social stratification based on birth is called
caste’’

35. Meaning of caste
 It is believed that the origin of word caste is
Portuguese word ‘’Casta’’ which means
linage and Hindi word ‘’Varna’’ means color
and caste.
 It is fact that the Indian caste system is the
typical and classical all over the world.

36. Manu’s Classification of Caste in
India
1. Brahman
2. Khashtary
3. Vash
4. Shodar

37. Brahman
 Brahman and priest were the top social leader
in Hindu society.
 The job of the Brahman were to administer the
religious ceremonies and practices.
 The teaching of the holy books were restricted
to Brahmana alone.

38. Khashtary
 Khashtary were the military man, who were
responsible to protect the country from
outside aggression and to establish peace
and order in the country.

39. Vash
 Vash were the teachers, businessmen,
agriculturist, and industrial worker.

40. Shodar
 Shodar was supposed to serve all the castes.
They were regarded as inferior class. These
are regarded as untouchable and lowest in
this stratification.

41. Caste System in Pakistan
1. Ashraaf
2. Ajlaf
1. Arzaal

42. Ashraaf
 Ashraaf means superior. In Pakistan, Syeds
are considered superior

43. Ajlaf
 Rajput's, Gujjars and Jats are considered.

44. Arzaal
 Mussalis, Mirasis, Moeens, Muhajirs, and all others
castes are considered to be lowest.
 Law; in 1959, a law a was passed, which permitted even
inter-marriages among

45. Disadvantages
1. Denies mobility of labor
2. Untouchability
3. Obstacle to national unity
4. Obstacle to national progress
5. Lack of competition
6. Social disabilities
7. Un-democratic
8. Segmental division
9. Group hierarchy
10. Restrictions on mixing
11. Civil and religious disabilities
12. Limited choice of occupation
13. Restriction on marriage.