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Communication, Communication Cycle, Types of Communication, Types of data flows, Frequency bands
1. Introduction to Communication
Communication Cycle
Definition in communication
Types of Communication
Types of data flows
Frequency bands
2. Definition
The word “communication” has been derived
from LATINword “Communicare”.
“Communicare” means toshare.
The sharing of information ,knowledge
,understanding ,andthoughts to other is called
communication.
3. There are two parties required for Communication.
Firstpartycalls as “Sender” and second calls as “Receiver”.
Absenceof these twoparties communicationcan not take place.
It is termed effectiveonlywhen the receiverreceive the message
intended by the sender in the same perspective.
otherwise, it is miscommunication.
5. Sender first encode the message and send it.
Message goes through in well defined channel.
Messagereaches to the receiver, theydecodes the message
and give pay attention on its ,if receiver understand the
message , then theygive the feedback tothe sender.
Feedback is nothing but it is reply the suitableanswer to
thesender.
Forevery moment it is not necessary that receiverwill
understand the message.
This is happened due topresence of some noiseand fault
inchannel.
6. Effective Communication
Essential for effectivecommunication
A common communicationEnvironment
Co-operation between the senderand the receiver
Selection of an appropriatechannel
Correct encoding and decoding of themessage
Receipt of the desired response andfeedback
7. Noise
If responseand desired answerdo notget back tothe sender from the
receiver , thencommunication has not been done.
This is because of presence ofnoise.
“Noise” is defined as any unplanned interference in the communication
environment ,whichcauses hindrance in the transmissionof the message.
Noisedistorts interpretationordecoding partof thecommunicationprocess.
8. There are two types of“Noise”.
o Channel Noise
o Semantic Noise
Channel Noise
Channel noise is any interference in the mechanism of the
medium used to send amessage.
Channel noise is developedexternally.
Example:- Noise in telephone lines , too highvolume from
loudspeaker etc.
9. Semantic Noise
This type of error produced in the message itself.
It is developed internally.
It is generated due to faultygrammar, misspellings
and incorrect punctuation.
Example:- Sender interpret “Condescend” in positive
manner but receiver interpret in negative
manner.
10. Type of Communication
General Communication
Technical Communication
Extra personal Communication
Intra personal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Mass Communication
11. General Communication
It contains a generalmessage.
Informal in style andapproach.
No set pattern ofcommunication.
Mostlyoral
Notalways fora specific audience.
Doesn’t involvethe useof technical vocabularyorgraphics, etc.
12. Technical Communication
It contains a technicalmessage.
Mostly formal
Follows a setpattern
Both oral andwritten
Always for a specificaudience
Frequently involves jargon, graphics,etc.
13. Extra personal Communication
Communication between human beings and non-humanentities
is called “Extra personal Communication”.
This form of communication requires perfect co-ordination and
understanding between thesenderand receiver .
Example:- Communication betweenyou and yourpetdog.
14. Intrapersonal Communication
This takes place within theindividual.
Self-motivation , self-determination ,etcare take place in intrapersonal level.
Example:- When you begin to “Feel hot” , the information is sent to
the brain and you may decide to “turn on the cooler” ,
responding to instructions sent from the brain to the hand.
-> In this case ,the relevant organ is the sender, theelectrochemical
impulse is the message , and the brain is the receiver.
15. Interpersonal Communication
Communicationat this level refers tosharing of informationamong
people.
Interpersonal communicationdiffers fromother formsof
communication.
In that thereare few participants involved.
The interactants are in close physical Proxemity to each other.
There are many sansory channel used , and feedback is immediate.
It can be formal orinformal.
16. Mass Communication
This type of communication requirea mediatorto transmit information.
Mass media such as journals, books, newspapers, and television which
mediate suchcommunication.
This kind of message are for largeaudience.
Oral communication through mass media requires some equipment,
such as microphone, amplifiers,etc.
Forwritten form needs printorvisual media.
17. Type of Communication
Verbal
Verbal Communication refers to
the form of communication in
which massage is transmitted
verbally, Communication is
done by word, mouth and a
piece of writing.
Non-Verbal
Non-verbal communication
includes action, such as gesture,
vocalisation, facial expression
and other behavior.
18. Type of Verbal Communication
In written communication, written
signs or symbols are used to
communicate. A written massage may
be printed or handwritten.
Written communication can be
transmitted via, email, letter, report,
memo etc.
It may influenced by the
vocabulary, grammar, writing style
and clarity of language use.
Oral
In Oral communication spoken
words are used. It includes
face-to-face conversation ,
speech, telephonic,
conversation, video, radio,
television, Voice over internet.
In oral communication is
influenced by volume, speed
and clarity of speaking.
Written
19. Type of Non-verbal Communication
• Body Language
– Facial Expression
– Head
– Eye Gaze
– Gesture and posture
– Physic of Body
22. Types of Non-verbal communication
• Time Language
– If some one called at 02:00 am then it shows an
emergency.
– You reached office at right time than it shows that
you are punctual.
23. Types of Non-verbal communication
• Paralanguage
– Attributes of speaking which include the tone, volume,
tempo, rhythm and etc.
– We can understand the mood and situation by
paralangual.
31. Data Flow Examples
Simplex mode
Keyboard, mouse, traditional monitor
Radio, TV
Half duplex
Walkie-talkie
Citizen band radio
Advantage: entire bandwidth can be used for transmission
Cons: not suitable for high interactive application
Full duplex
-Email, phone call
32. Frequency Band Name Frequency Range Application
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
3-30 Hz
Underwater Communication
Super Low Frequency (SLF) 30-300 Hz
AC Power (though not a transmitted wave)
Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) 300-3000 Hz
Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3-30 kHz Navigational Beacons
Low Frequency (LF) 30-300 kHz AM Radio
Medium Frequency (MF) 300-3000kHz Aviation and AM Radio
High Frequency (HF) 3-30 MHz Shortwave Radio
Very High Frequency (VHF) 30-300 MHz FM Radio
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300-3000 MHz
Television, Mobile Phones, GPS
Super High Frequency (SHF) 3-30 GHz
Satellite Links, Wireless Communication
Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
30-300 GHz
Astronomy, Remote Sensing
Visible Spectrum
400-790 THz (4*10^14-
7.9*10^14)
Human Eye
Chart of Common Frequency Bands