WASH 2011 conference: Catarina Fonseca, IRC

4. Timeline of water infrastructure: Ankushapur (India) 2nd piped water supply system constructed 2 Borewell Electric Motors & new Dist. system 2 hand Pumps & Bore well 1 Borewell & Electric motor 3rd Hand pump 1st bore well Electric Motor & 1st Dist. system 1 Bore well & Electric motor 1 Bore well & Electric motor Open well 1 Bore well 2 hand pumps 1979 1986 1991 1988 2003 1998 1983 1980 2007 1982 1987 1989 1993 2000 2004 2005 First Hand pumps (2) 6 hand pumps 2 Borewell Electric Motors & new Dist. system 4th Hand pump 1 hand pumps 2 Borewell Electric Motors & new Dist. system

13. Water service levels Source: Moriarty et al., 2010

14. Water service levels(details) Source: Moriarty et al., 2010 Source: Moriarty et al., 2010

15. Sanitation service levels Source: Potter et al., 2010

16. Water service ladder High service: people access a minimum of 60l/c/d of high quality water on demand High Intermediate service: people access a minimum of 40l/c/d of acceptable quality water from an improved source spending no more that 30 minutes per day Intermediate Basic service: people access a minimum of 20l/c/d of acceptable quality water from an improved source spending no more that 30 minutes per day Basic Sub-standard service: people access a service that is an improvement on having no service at all, but fails to meet the basic standard on one or more criteria Sub-standard No service No service: people access water from insecure or unimproved sources, or sources that are too distant, time consuming or are of poor quality

21. In Ghana, communities spend US$ 26 per capita per year on soap, more than the (annualised) per capita cost of US$ 10-14 a year for a small town water system. In Mozambique, households are spending up to 5% of their cash-income on soap. This is equivalent to an average of US$ 12 per capita per year, more than the per capita expenditure on hygiene promotion interventions.