In this presentation, we set up the aims and mechanisms of the Workshop on Integrated Mixed Methods Research held at University of Manchester (Nov. 3, 2014); it specifically focuses on Factor Analysis, which creates a scale for a gender norm about labour markets. We show how a classical scale and a factor are similar, how they relate to regression and to labour supply, and how NVIVO can be used to follow up a mixed methods workshop or focus group. This creates a mixed-methods approach to gender norms in the labour market. Quite original and very promising. The workshop was a huge success running from 10 am to 3 pm following by an extra hour discussing how this leads to possible research opportunities.

1. INTEGRATED MIXED METHODS
USING ATTITUDE DATA TO
GENERATE SOCIAL EVIDENCE OF
TENSE SITUATIONS, ESPECIALLY
REGARDING LABOUR
Wendy Olsen
with Nathan Khadaroo supporting
Creative commons license. You may cite this work; please cite this presentations as mimeo , Wendy Olsen,
2014 (University of Manchester: Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research). Via Slideshare.net .

2. Welcome to Our Workshop on Mixed
Methods
Nov. 3, 2014, 10am-3pm
Funded by British Academy and CMIST
www.cmist.manchester.ac.uk

3. Aims of the Workshop
• Piloting workshops for mixed methods with a
strong statistical element. We are piloting on
ourselves.
• We are demonstrating integrated mixed
methods.
• TODAY’S WORKSHOP: Factor analysis activities
first, having created a factors (scale) about
attitudes on women’s attitudes about women
holding jobs. We place ourselves on this factor
then hold discussions in groups,  NVIVO.

4. Research Group:
Social Mobility and Labour Markets
Research Group, CMIST
• Led by Dr. Wendy Olsen and Prof. Yaojun Li
• To join the group’s email list, send an email to:
• Wendy.olsen@manchester.ac.uk
• Indicate whether you also want to be put onto the
Integrated Mixed Methods Network email list, which is
separate [British Academy].

5. What is factor analysis?
• Key questions available to us in the Demographic & Health Survey, and in the British Household Panel Survey
2007, and in the Understanding Society survey 2009-2012, include:
“A job is all right, but what most women really want is a home and
children.”
“A man’s job is to earn the money, a woman’s job is to look after the
home and family.”
“ It is not good if the man stays at home and cares for the children and
the woman goes out to work.”
[this wording is from the BHPS 2007; the wording is different in each survey]
• Positive scores demonstrate greater conservatism in gender role attitudes and negative scores are indicative of
greater liberalism. - Crompton, Brockmann and Lyonette, 2005.
The authors Crompton et al. (2005) did not use factor analysis, but we are using it. Instead, in their work, they used a
classical scale:
• “All of these questions were answered via a five-point scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ through ‘neither agree
nor disagree’ to ‘strongly disagree’. A simple gender conservatism–liberalism scale was constructed as follows:
strongly agree 2, agree 1, strongly disagree –2, disagree –1. ‘Neither agree nor disagree’ and ‘don’t know’ answers
were scored 0. These scores were averaged, and mean scores at both times are shown in Table 1.”

6. Wendy Olsen and Ellie B. Schmidt have been looking at
women’s vs. men’s attitudes to gendered social norms.
Funding acknowledgements:
M/cr Business School, Fairness at Work pilot grant scheme
£5K.
 Ellie Schmidt worked on the project under this scheme.
Grants from ESRC DFID Poverty Alleviation round £330K
over 3.5 years 2014-2017
British Academy £25K
 Integrated Mixed Methods Network, international partnership
and mobility funds
Next bid – Erasmus+ K2 strategic partnership for youth
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
6

7. Welcome to using factor analysis….
 Related to classical scales
 You make a summary variable that
does ‘data reduction’
from 3 or more
indicator variables.
 Related to the world of multiple regression
 Related to the mixed methods world too
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
7
We produce a
regression that allows
the scale to be
associated with key
structural background
factors.

8. Many variants on the theme.

This is a
structural
equation
model.
This one
shows a latent
growth curve
model.
You can put a
factor into
this.
8

9. Muthen & Muthen’s MPLUS software
The factor
can be an
independent
variable, or a
dependent
variable.
 Useful, but so is MLWIN or STATA now.
 SPSS can also do a simple factor analysis.
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
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10. 'Gender Norms and Factor Analysis:
A Sociological Reinterpretation'
2014 Wendy Olsen and Nik Loynes
University of Manchester

11. A stylized fact about India not Bangladesh:
INDIA EPW 2012
Women’s Labour Force Participation
Fell in India By All Measures.
2004-2010.Is it because of a rise in wealth, or a change
in attitudes? Do women’s attitudes vary much?

12. But why expect
tensions to arise?...
 1. general approaches to measuring
attitudes
 Norms, roles, attitudes, beliefs, desires
 Practices vs. strategies
 Agent orientations
 2. specific issues of gender roles
 3. attitudes and employment
 SEM approach (DHS 2007 vs. NFHS 2006)
 4. Change over time in two S. Asian
contexts
 Context-dependent attitude measures
 Findings for Bangladesh DHS 2006/7
 Vs. India NFHS 2005/6
 UK we use the BHPS and UnderSoc questions
 5. Linking change to employment
 Logistic regression results.
12 Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context

13. Another Regression: How Attitude is
Associated with Labour Supply
Caring Work
- Outside
Household
Paid and
Unpaid Work
Home
Ownership &
Wealth
His Work
Aspiration
s
Poverty
Homogamy
and Age
Difference
ealth
HHeeaaltlthh
Human
Capital
13
Her Caring
Work -
Kids
Caring Work
- Outside
Human
Capital
Home
Ownership &
Wealth Aspiration
s
Poverty
Caring Work
- Outside
Human
Capital
Scale of
Traditional
Attitudes

14. These are strongly
correlated
+ with Labour Force
Participation of Women
 Four Variables Used in a Factor Analysis for
Bangladesh DHS 2007
 …to estimate the social norm that women and
men can equally participate in the economy. This
variable has four components.
 Who Has:
 The final say on own health care
 The final say on making large household
purchases
 The final say on making household
purchases for daily needs
 The final say on visits to family or relatives
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
14
 If respondent (wife) then the indicator takes the value 4.
(19% in 2007 for the last item shown above)
 If respondent and husband decide together, it takes value
3. (42%)
 If respondent and another person (which is rare), it takes
value 2. (7%)
 If any other decision maker, e.g. husband alone (27% in
2007), or someone else (rare), it takes value 1.

15. Integrated Mixed
Methods Network
IMMN
British Academy Funding
 https://www.facebook.com/groups/438437119631157
/
 Our aim is to show specific argumentation
strands that help really mix the
interpretation of the various kinds of data.
I plan later to apply for ERC
funding for Training and
Capacity Building
This might be an EU ITN
Innovative Training Network
We (U OF M) already have
one!
 A) factor analysis with interview data.
 B) factor analysis with workshops using street
theatre (needs British Council funds)
 C) QCA with qualitative data
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
 See facebook group:
15
 (see jiscmail group, QUAL-COMPARE, 230 members)
-- QCA is qualitative comparative analysis
-- the Dyadic work was key in getting the IMMN
started.

16. REST OF TODAY
Exercises
COMMENTARIES
Use notelets
Use posterboards
Type in our data
Use NVIVO to analyse
 Free codes - these are annotations.
 Tree codes – these are groupings of free
nodes into groups on related themes.
 Model – this is how we depict the
developing interpretation.
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
 How to use NVIVO
 Iteration and revision
16
 Hypothesis tests are deductive;
 Induction, retroduction
 Asking why the data have these patterns.

17. NVIVO Slides are
available
See slideshare.net
http://www.slideshare.net/Wendyolseninman
chester/critical-thinking-contradictions-
2014parttwo on using NVIVO to do coding
http://www.slideshare.net/Wendyolseninman
chester/critical-thinking-contradictions-part-
3-resolution-conclusions on warranted
arguments of particular types: TENSIONS
and CONTRADICTING ONESELF/others
http://www.slideshare.net/Wendyolseninman
chester/critical-thinking-and-arguments-about-
contradictions-using-qualitative-data-nvivo-
2014 on warranted arguments in
general
 Thank you for participating.
Gender Norms and Labour Supply in
Comparative Context
17