Adam Ralph from the Irish Centre for High End Computing presented this Introduction to Basic R during the Big Data Workshop hosted by the Social Sciences Computing Hub at the Whitaker Institute on the 14th November 2013

1. Information Half-day
Irish Centre for High End Computing (ICHEC)
November 18, 2013
BasicR 1

2. Overview
Introduce Statistical Tool called R.
R Functions and Help.
Visualization using R.
BasicR 2

3. Introduction, What and Why?
R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman (R&R) with the
first stable version (1.0) released in early 2000.
R is a leading tool for statistics, data manipulation and modeling, and
graphic creation.
Platform-independent, free, and open-source programming language.
Revolution Analytics provide commercial support.
Integration with other languages such as C/C++, Java, Python.
Access to various data sources e.g. Excel, SAS, SPSS, Minitab, etc.
Large, active, and growing community of users.
Existing platform for communication e.g. UserR conference, local
UserR community.
BasicR 3

4. R-Project Site
BasicR 4

5. On-line Material
Download the R program or source code from CRAN (Comprehensive
R Archive Network) at http://cran.r-project.org/.
Latest version, 2.15.0 (2012–03–30), generally updated by every 6
months.
R comes with a certain amount of capability built-in. Optional
packages provide additional functionality for R.
BasicR 5

6. Functions
The functionality of R is provided by functions.
Each function does a specific task or operation. There maybe more
than one function to perform the same operation.
Functions have a set of inputs, which creates a certain flexibility and
the results can be saved.
Thus when using R several steps may need to be taken (using
different functions) to achieve a certain goal.
LinearRegressionModel <- lm(weight ˜ group)
plot(LinearRegressionModel)
BasicR 6

7. Packages
Installing packages increases the functionality of our local version of
R.
Packages are self contained but may have dependencies.
Each package provides a set of functions and documentation related
to a particular task.
The package approach means that you can tailor R to suit your needs
and minimize compute resources.
It also allows you to define your own workflows.
BasicR 7

8. Help in R
Built in Help
help with a single function, e.g. “plot”
help(plot) <1>
? plot
help with a specific topic, e.g. “regression”
help.search("regression") <2>
??regression
search for functions whose names contains for example “acf”
apropos("acf") <3>
[1] "acf" "acf2AR" "ARMAacf" "pacf"
BasicR 8

9. Help in R
On-line Help
Top level help web page for R.
help.start() <4>
R-help mailing list, see http://www.R-project.org/mail.html for
an overview of the mailing lists.
Numerous levels
◮ r-announce@r-project.org, R releases.
◮ r-packages@r-project.org, R package updates.
◮ r-help@r-project.org, main users forum.
◮ r-devel@r-project.org, developers forum.
Archived online
◮ https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/
◮ http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/
◮ http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/
BasicR 9

10. Inbuilt Datasets
airquality
There are a number of example datasets which come as default within
R, in the datasets package.
Display the information on the specified package.
?datasets
# or
library(help="datasets")
Load the airquality dataset using
data(airquality)
Display information on the specified data set
?airquality
Summarize data columns in data frame.
summary(airquality) <11>
BasicR 10

11. R-Forge
R-Forge: another possible place to look for packages.
◮ It provides tools and platform for developers to collaborate.
◮ Place to maintain current and historical versions of files functioning as
a version control system.
Caveat: The R-Forge site contains projects that are in progress, so
please be sure to read the disclaimers and documentations before use.
BasicR 11

12. R Studio
The free IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for R.
Limited syntax highlighting scheme.
Isn’t compatible with some API tool, e.g. google visualization API.
BasicR 12

13. Visualization
R has the typical 2D statistical plots:
1. Histograms,
2. Bar charts,
3. Pie charts,
4. Scatter plots,
5. and box plots.
BasicR 13

14. Graphical Devices
Typically when plotting a separate window pops up.
Plot can be saved to file using ”Save as” menu item.
Plots can be saved directly to a file, as PDF WMF (Windows Meta
File), PNG and JPG.
BasicR 14

15. 2D Plots
Histogram of Forbes2000$marketvalue
Forbes2000$marketvalue
Frequency
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
05001500
Histogram of log(Forbes2000$marketvalue)
log(Forbes2000$marketvalue)
Frequency
−4 −2 0 2 4 6
0400800
Aerospace & defense Food markets Media Trading companies
050100150200250300
BasicR 15

16. More 2D Plots
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
++
+
++++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
++
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
++
++
++
+
+++
++
+
++
++
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
++
+
+++
++
+
+
++
++
++
+
+
+
+++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+++++++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
++
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
++
+
++
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+++
+
++
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+++
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+++
+
++
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++++
+
++
+
++
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++++++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+++
++
+
++
++
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
++++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+++
+
+
+++
+++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++++
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
++
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
++
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++++
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+++
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
++
+
+
+++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+++
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+++
+
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
++
++
+
++
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0 500 1000 1500 2000
−4−2024
Forbes 2000
Rank
log(Sales)
Banking
Diversified financials
Insurance
Utilities
Materials
Oil & gas operations
Retailing
Food drink & tobacco
Transportation Construction
Consumer durables
Business services & supplies
Telecommunications services
Health care equipment & services
Media
BasicR 16

17. Fancy 2D Plots
Survival on the Titanic
Class
Sex
1st 2nd 3rd Crew
MaleFemale
Child Adult
NoYesNoYes
ChildAdult Child Adult Child Adult
sales
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−101234
1234567
assets
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−4−20246
marketvalue
BasicR 17

18. Plotting more than Two Variables
x
y
95
100
100100
105
105
110
110
110
110
115
115 115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
155
160
160
165
165
170
170
175
180
180
185
190
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
100200300400500600
Maunga Whau Volcano
cyl
am
vs
carb
wt
drat
gear
qsec
mpg
hp
disp
specification variables
Maserati Bora
Chrysler Imperial
Lincoln Continental
Cadillac Fleetwood
Hornet Sportabout
Pontiac Firebird
Ford Pantera L
Camaro Z28
Duster 360
Valiant
Hornet 4 Drive
AMC Javelin
Dodge Challenger
Merc 450SLC
Merc 450SE
Merc 450SL
Honda Civic
Toyota Corolla
Fiat X1−9
Fiat 128
Ferrari Dino
Merc 240D
Mazda RX4
Mazda RX4 Wag
Merc 280C
Merc 280
Lotus Europa
Merc 230
Volvo 142E
Datsun 710
Porsche 914−2
Toyota Corona
CarModels
heatmap(mtcars, scale=”column”)
BasicR 18

19. 3D/Perspective Plots
X
−10
−5
0
5
10
Y
−10
−5
0
5
10
Sinc(r)
−2
0
2
4
6
8
3D Scatterplot
1 2 3 4 5 6
101520253035
0
100
200
300
400
500
wt
disp
mpg
BasicR 19

20. Summary
R packages and help.
Functions & Datasets.
Some of the 2D and 3D plots available using R.
BasicR 20