Hydrogen sulphide and the sulphur cycle

November 6, 2015 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 1

November 6, 2015 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 2November 6, 2015 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 2
THERE ARE ABUNDANT,
RENEWABLE,
AND SUSTAINABLE
SOURCES OF
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

A NATURAL
SOURCE OF
SULPHUR
DIOXIDE
IN HARMONY
WITH LIFE
SUPPORT

HUMANS
CONTRIBUTE
MANY
HUNDREDS OF
TONS OF
SULPHUR
DIOXIDE INTO
THE
ATMOSPHERE
THAT
BECOMES
SULPHURIC
ACID
(ACID RAIN)

November 6, 2015 6November 6, 2015 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 6
homocysteine, and
taurine are the 4 common sulfur-containing amino
acids, but only the first 2 are incorporated into proteins.
Amino Acids play an important role in tissue
take up of oxygen and other substances that
are used to build cells and release energy.
Organic sulphur is found in
high concentrations in our body tissue.
It comprises of our body weight. Protein
Structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure

1. Oxygen (65%)
2. Carbon (18%)
3. Hydrogen (10%)
4. Nitrogen (3.0%)
5. Calcium (1.5%)
6. Phosphorus (1.0%)
7. Potassium (0.35%)
9. Sodium (0.15%)
10. Magnesium (0.05%)
11. Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine,
Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%)
12. Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium,
Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)
Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed.,
Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.
Element % of body wt.
Representative
Protein Structures

November 6, 2015 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 8Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ®
Our oceans are the largest reservoir of sulphur and, as such,
the most significant contributor to life’s essential sulphur cycle

Chloride, 55.03
%
Sodium, 30.59 %
Magnesium,
3.68 %
Calcium,
1.18 %
Potassium,
1.11 %
Bicarbonate, 0.41 %
Bromide
0.19 %
Borate,
0.08 %
Strontium, 0.04 %
Everything else, 0.01 %
Other, 0.32 %
Sea Salt Chemical
Composition
Chloride
Sodium
Sulfate
Magnesium
Calcium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Bromide
Borate
Strontium
Everything else
November 6, 2015 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 9Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ®November 6, 2015 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 9

At least one-quarter of the
world's natural gas deposits
contain Hydrogen Sulfide,
which must be removed from
the methane before the gas
can be burned.
Removal of the H2S, from
natural gas, cleans the fuel and,
when just CH4 is burned, it does
not produce the SO2 that leads
to acid rain. More significantly,
it produces less CO2 than other
hydrocarbon fuels.
….
METHANE [CH4]
HOWEVER
BURNING IT DOES PRODUCE
THE GREENHOUSE GAS [CO2]
AND THE TOXIC CARBON
MONOXIDE [CO]

• pH growth range 5.5 to 8.7
• at a pH of 7 H2S is 50% of dissolved sulphides
• at a pH of 9 H2S is 100% of dissolved sulphides
• exists in a temperature range of 0o to 100oC
• 30min. exposure to 0.1% in Air can be fatal
• highly soluble in water at 1 atm. & 20o C
 H2S can reach 4000mg/litre at 20oC (4 grams per litre)
In ANAEROBIC environments
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

FERROUS SULPHATE
FeSO4
CALCIUM SULPHATE
CaSO4
Sulfates promote the growth
of the sulfate-reducing bacteria:
In anaerobic aqueous environments
these bacteria split oxygen off sulfate
ions; utilizing them chemically as their
oxygen source.
That bacterial process results
in the formation of::
H
H

to name a few
1. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE
2. LARGE “FACTORY FARMING” (CATTLE, HOGS)
3. ABONDONED MINES (WASTEWATER RICH IN SULPHATES)
4. MUNICIPAL LAND-FILL SITES (construction drywall CaSO4·2H2O )
5. INLAND FISH FARMING SEDIMENT PONDS
7. ~8.0 % of all OCEAN WATER ( sulphate concentration)
utilizing the sulphates and SRB bacteria in an anaerobic environment.
6. WASTEWATER FROM “FRACKING” SHALE Methane CH4 DEPOSITS

Elemental sulphur is found in volcanic regions as a deposit
formed by the emission of HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GAS.
The element was recovered by the Frasch process,
named after German-born U.S. chemist Herman Frasch.
Now the oil industry is the major supplier.
9,000,000 tons of sulphur are REQUIRED in the United States alone each year.
Most comes from natural gas, petroleum refinery gases, pyrites, and smelter
gases. In most cases sulphur is separated from other gases as hydrogen sulphide
and then converted to elemental sulphur by the Claus process

Pigments
Pulp & Paper
Rubber & Plastics
Petroleum Refining
Ore Leaching
Agriculture
Chemicals
Phosphate Fertilizer
2 % 3 %
4 %
6 %
7 %
10 %
11 %
~90 % of sulphur use STARTS as production of H2SO4
known as Sulphuric Acid a world commodity
57 %
Phosphate
Fertilizer

• TREATMENT COSTS INCLUDE CHEMICAL CONTROL
OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE e.g. with HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
• THESE COSTS CAN AMOUNT TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
OF DOLLARS FOR SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZED COMMUNITIES
• FOR LARGER CITIES THE COSTS RUN INTO MILLIONS OF
DOLLARS EACH YEAR TO PRECLUDE THE FORMATION AND
REPAIR OF THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
CHANGING FIRST TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE THEN TO SULPHURIC ACID
THE INCENTIVES FOR MUNICIPALITES
TO SECURE THE BIO-H2-GEN Inc.’s TECHNOLOLGY
1. REDUCTION OF THE ABOVE COSTS
2. SIGNIFICANT PERMANENT & PRIVATE
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
3. SUPPLIMENT THEIR BASIC ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS
REDUCE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT COSTS
BY ADDING OUR TECHNOLOGY
CITY
WASTEWATER
IS A
SIGNIFICANT
SOURCE
OF
HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE

RESPIRATION OF
THE BACTERIUM
Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans
Sulphate reducing bacteria
(SRB) produce H2S
Sulphuric AcidHydrogen Sulphide
Sulphur Dioxide
VULCANOES
ALSO PRODUCE
“ACID RAIN”
FORMS MINERAL SULPHATES
e.g. FeSO4
H2S REDUCES TO SO2
ON CONTACT WITH AIR
SO2 FORMS H2SO4 ON
CONTACT WITH AIR & H2O
IN 3 STEPS
Fe

Hydrogen sulphide and the sulphur cycle

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