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App c
1.
Appendix C: Advanced Normalization
Theory Reasoning with MVDs Higher normal forms Join dependencies and PJNF DKNF Database System Concepts 7.1 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
2.
Theory of Multivalued
Dependencies Let D denote a set of functional and multivalued dependencies. The closure D+ of D is the set of all functional and multivalued dependencies logically implied by D. Sound and complete inference rules for functional and multivalued dependencies: 1. Reflexivity rule. If α is a set of attributes and β ⊆ α, then α →β holds. 2. Augmentation rule. If α → β holds and γ is a set of attributes, then γ α→γ β holds. 3. Transitivity rule. If α → β holds and γ α→γ β holds, then α →γ holds. Database System Concepts 7.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
3.
Theory of Multivalued
Dependencies (Cont.) 4. Complementation rule. If α holds. β holds, then α 5. Multivalued augmentation rule. If α δ ⊆ γ, then γ α δ β holds. 6. Multivalued transitivity rule . If α then α γ – β holds. 7. Replication rule. If α R–β–α β holds and γ ⊆ R and β holds and β β holds, then α γ holds, β. 8. Coalescence rule. If α β holds and γ ⊆ β and there is a δ such that δ ⊆ R and δ ∩ β = ∅ and δ γ, then α γ holds. Database System Concepts 7.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
4.
Simplification of the
Computation of D+ We can simplify the computation of the closure of D by using the following rules (proved using rules 1-8). Multivalued union rule. If α α βγ holds. Intersection rule. If α holds. Difference rule. If If α β holds and α holds and α γ – β holds. Database System Concepts β holds and α β holds and α 7.4 γ holds, then γ holds, then α γ holds, then α β∩γ β–γ ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
5.
Example R = (A,
B, C, G, H, I) D = {A B B HI CG H} Some members of D+: A CGHI. Since A B, the complementation rule (4) implies that A R – B – A. Since R – B – A = CGHI, so A CGHI. A HI. Since A B and B rule (6) implies that B Since HI – B = HI, A Database System Concepts HI, the multivalued transitivity HI – B. HI. 7.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
6.
Example (Cont.) Some members
of D+ (cont.): B H. Apply the coalescence rule (8); B HI holds. Since H ⊆ HI and CG H and CG ∩ HI = Ø the , coalescence rule is satisfied with α being B, β being HI, δ being CG, and γ being H. We conclude that B H. A CG. A CGHI and A HI. By the difference rule, A Since CGHI – HI = CG, A Database System Concepts CGHI – HI. CG. 7.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
7.
Normalization Using Join Dependencies Join
dependencies constrain the set of legal relations over a schema R to those relations for which a given decomposition is a lossless-join decomposition. Let R be a relation schema and R1 , R2 ,..., Rn be a decomposition of R. If R = R1 ∪ R2 ∪ …. ∪ Rn, we say that a relation r(R) satisfies the join dependency *(R1 , R2 ,..., Rn) if: r =∏R1 (r) ⋈ ∏R2 (r) ⋈ …… ⋈ ∏Rn(r) A join dependency is trivial if one of the Ri is R itself. A join dependency *(R1, R2) is equivalent to the multivalued dependency R1 ∩ R2 R2. Conversely, α β is equivalent to ∪(R - β), α ∪ β) *(α However, there are join dependencies that are not equivalent to any multivalued dependency. Database System Concepts 7.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
8.
Project-Join Normal Form
(PJNF) A relation schema R is in PJNF with respect to a set D of functional, multivalued, and join dependencies if for all join dependencies in D+ of the form *(R1 , R2 ,..., Rn ) where each Ri ⊆ R and R =R1∪ R2 ∪ ... ∪ Rn at least one of the following holds: *(R1 , R2 ,..., Rn ) is a trivial join dependency. Every Ri is a superkey for R. Since every multivalued dependency is also a join dependency, every PJNF schema is also in 4NF. Database System Concepts 7.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
9.
Example Consider Loan-info-schema =
(branch-name, customer-name, loannumber, amount). Each loan has one or more customers, is in one or more branches and has a loan amount; these relationships are independent, hence we have the join dependency *(=(loan-number, branch-name), (loan-number, customer-name), (loan-number, amount)) Loan-info-schema is not in PJNF with respect to the set of dependencies containing the above join dependency. To put Loaninfo-schema into PJNF, we must decompose it into the three schemas specified by the join dependency: (loan-number, branch-name) (loan-number, customer-name) (loan-number, amount) Database System Concepts 7.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
10.
Domain-Key Normal Form
(DKNY) Domain declaration. Let A be an attribute, and let dom be a set of values. The domain declaration A ⊆ dom requires that the A value of all tuples be values in dom. Key declaration. Let R be a relation schema with K ⊆ R. The key declaration key (K) requires that K be a superkey for schema R (K → R). All key declarations are functional dependencies but not all functional dependencies are key declarations. General constraint. A general constraint is a predicate on the set of all relations on a given schema. Let D be a set of domain constraints and let K be a set of key constraints for a relation schema R. Let G denote the general constraints for R. Schema R is in DKNF if D ∪ K logically imply G. Database System Concepts 7.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
11.
Example Accounts whose account-number
begins with the digit 9 are special high-interest accounts with a minimum balance of 2500. General constraint: ``If the first digit of t [account-number] is 9, then t [balance] ≥ 2500.'' DKNF design: Regular-acct-schema = (branch-name, account-number, balance) Special-acct-schema = (branch-name, account-number, balance) Domain constraints for {Special-acct-schema} require that for each account: The account number begins with 9. The balance is greater than 2500. Database System Concepts 7.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
12.
DKNF rephrasing of
PJNF Definition Let R = (A1 , A2 ,..., An) be a relation schema. Let dom(Ai ) denote the domain of attribute Ai, and let all these domains be infinite. Then all domain constraints D are of the form Ai ⊆ dom (Ai ). Let the general constraints be a set G of functional, multivalued, or join dependencies. If F is the set of functional dependencies in G, let the set K of key constraints be those nontrivial functional dependencies in F+ of the form α → R. Schema R is in PJNF if and only if it is in DKNF with respect to D, K, and G. Database System Concepts 7.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
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