In social science and politics, power is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors. Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means. Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure.[1][2] An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a spouse, which differs from the love for food. Most commonly, love refers to a feeling of a strong attraction and emotional attachment. The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of Greek concepts for "love" (agape, eros, philia, storge) .[14] Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal definition.[15] Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love (antonyms of "love"). Love as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy). As a less-sexual and more-emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust. As an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word love is often applied to close friendships or platonic love. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages "girlfriend", "boyfriend", "just good friends").

1. WHAT DID WE DISCUSS LAST MEETING?

2. It is more or less coherent set of ideas that provides
basis for organized political actions, whether this is
intended to preserve, modify, or overthrow the
existing system of power.

3. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
It is more or less coherent set of ideas that provides
basis for organized political actions, whether this is
intended to preserve, modify, or overthrow the
existing system of power.

4. Learning Objectives:
 identify the basic tenets of major political
ideologies
 differentiate the political ideologies
 Evaluate which political ideology best
describes the nature of democracy in the
Philippines.

5. POLITICAL SPECTRUM
ANARCHISM FASCISM
 Socialism
 Liberalism
 Conservatism

6.  Anarchist oppose the state and advocate for the
abolition of Government, Law, any political
authority and even electoral politics.
 Natural and Spontaneous social order will develop.
 Believes that the state is oppressive
 the organization of society on a voluntary,
cooperative basis without recourse to force or
compulsion
ANARCHISM

7. -If there is a State, there must be domination of
one class by another and, as a result, slavery; the
State without slavery is unthinkable—and this is why
we are the enemies of the State. (Bakunin 1873
[1990: 178])
-A more recent example comes from Gerard Casey
who writes, “states are criminal organizations. All
states, not just the obviously totalitarian or
repressive ones” (Casey 2012: 1).
ANARCHISM

8.  Prefers direct actions
: Direct pressure on employers by boycotting
their products, sabotaging machinery or organizing
strike action.
ANARCHISM

9. ANARCHISM
 Rejects the state outright,
believing it to be an
unnecessary evil
 Authorized authority is seen as
a legalized oppression
operating I the interest of the
powerful, propertied and the
privilege
 All state is evil and oppressive
 Endorses direct democracy
 Calls for continuous popular
participation and radical
decentralization.
 Electoral or representative
democracy is merely a façade
that attempts to conceal elite
domination and reconcile the
masses to their oppression.

10.  Central tenet is “collectivism” –the belief in “the
capacity of human beings for collective action,
their willingness and ability to pursue goals by
working together, as opposed to striving for
personal self-interest” (Heywood 2003).
SOCIALISM

11.  Believe in utopian visions of a better society
where there is genuine emancipation and
fulfilment as members of community.
 Believes in social equality, upholds justice and
fairness, underpins community and cooperation,
enlarges freedom in a positive sense.
SOCIALISM

12.  However, socialists disagree over the “goals” and the
means to achieve socialist ends.
 There are two competing tendencies
 Fundamentalist Socialism- A form of socialism that
seeks to abolish capitalism and replace it with a
qualitatively diff. kind of society.
 Revisionist Socialism- seek to modify Marxist theory
in some manner without rejecting its core argument.
Seeks to reconcile socialist and capitalist.
SOCIALISM

13.  Fundamentalist Socialism- Rejects capitalism entirely
+ seeks to abolish + replace it.
Focuses on flaws of capitalism - private property for
private profit + seeks to establish socialism in form of
common ownership.
SOCIALISM

14. ADVANTAGES:
Each person is guaranteed of basic goods even those
who were not able to contribute. It helps minimize
poverty levels.
 Equitable distribution of resources.
 Absence of exploitation.
 Jobs and employment for the citizens are more
guaranteed and secured.
 Equitable distribution of income.
 Prevention of private monopoly.
SOCIALISM

15. DISADVANTAGES:
• Absence of alternative choice
• Reduces initiatives among citizens;
Govt.dependency
• Creates room for laziness
• Slows down economic development
• Lacks of specialization because it discourages
division of labor
• Absence of competition
• Leads to state monopoly
SOCIALISM

16. Both socialism and Marxism have a common view on
equality. They move towards analyzing the effects of
class struggles on the economy and seek to achieve an
equalitarian society. The systems also seek an equal
distribution of wealth which the working class and labor
create
SOCIALISM

17.  Favor openness, debate and self-determination
 Believes in the supreme importance of the
individual and their commitment to individual
freedom which is a natural right of individuals
 They celebrate progress, equality, moral, cultural
and political diversity.
 Liberty should be restrained
LIBERALISM

18.  Early/classic liberals-
Negative conception of Liberty – absence of
external restrictions or constraints
 Modern Liberals-
Positive Liberty- the ability of an individual to
be autonomous.
o Supported the presence of sovereign states to
restrain actions but possess threat against
sovereign power exercised by the government.
LIBERALISM

19.  emphasizes tradition, hierarchy and authority.
 Defends values, practices and institutions that
has survived the test of history as an
accumulated wisdom.
 Resist change (fear to change)
 Experience rather than reason
 Paternal/authoritarian standpoint than freedom.
CONSERVATISM

20.  Criticizes rival for believing in human-
perfectibility and utopian exaggeration of power.
 Hierarchy is natural, hence social equality is
unachievable
 Emphasize authority/ strong government and law
for guidance, support and security.
 Value social order ; suspicious of freedom
CONSERVATISM

21. Do not have identifiable core principles but
has clear oppositions
Freedom- “unquestioning submission”
Democracy- “absolute dictatorship”
Elitist and patriarchal
Absolute leadership & elite rule is natural
FASCISM

22. All principle emenates from the leader
Intermediate institutions are
weakened/abolished
“The leader defines the destiny of the
people” “real” will is “general” will
FASCISM

23. Prepare ¼ sheet of paper. Identify which
ideology is being defined/referred in
each number.
Lezzz have a QUIZ!

24. 1. Its central tenet is collectivism.
2. Favors openness, debate and self-determination.
3. Endorses direct democracy.
4. Believes that equality is unachievable.
5. Believes that absolute leadership and elite rule is
natural.
6. It has contrasting view of the state.
7. Believes that all states are evil.
8. Has strong emphasis on authority for social order.
9. Opposed to striving for self-interest.
10.Prefers the presence of strong government

25. 1. SOCIALISM
2. LIBERALISM
3. ANARCHISM
4. CONSERVATISM
5. FASCISM
6. SOCIALISM
7. ANARCHISM
8. CONSERVATISM
9. SOCIALISM
10. FASCISM

26. POSTER