Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
1. PRESENTED BY YASIR HUSSAIN
ARCHITECTURE 5Th
Email id
yasir8480@yahoo.com
Types Of Masonry
MATERIAL & COSTRUCTION-III
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, BUITEMS
2. masonry
Masonry is generally a highly durable form
of construction. However, the materials
used, the quality of the mortar and
workmanship, and the pattern in which the
units are assembled can significantly affect
the durability of the over all masonry
construction.
Masonry units, such as brick, tile, stone,
glass brick or concrete block generally
conform[where?] to the requirements specified in
the 2003 International Building Code (IBC)
Section 2103.
4. Masonry History
20th Century Developments
– Steel Reinforced Masonry
– High Strength Mortars
– High Strength Masonry Units
– Variety of Sizes, Colors,
Textures & Coatings
5. Masonry - Primary Uses Today
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)
Foundation Walls
Structural Support Walls (low rise)
Backup Walls for Exterior Facing
Brick & Stone
Facing Materials - Veneers
Decorative Walls
8. masonry
Masonry is the building of structures from individual
units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term
masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The
common materials of masonry construction are
Brick
Stone
Marble
Granite
Limestone
Cast Stone
Concrete Block
Glass block
Stucco, and Tile.
9. Applications
Masonry is commonly used for the walls of
buildings, retaining walls and monuments.
Brick and concrete block are the most common
types of masonry in use in industrialized nations
and may be either weight-bearing or a veneer.
Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow
cores, offer various possibilities in masonry
construction. They generally provide great
compressive strength, and are best suited to
structures with light transverse loading when the
cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the
cores with concrete or concrete with steel
reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much
greater tensile and lateral strength to structures
10. Solid Walls
Masonry units laid close together
with all joints filled solidly with
mortar. Solid walls are structurally
bonded by metal ties, masonry
headers or by joint reinforcement.
Where solid masonry walls are used,
insulation and mechanical equipment
are often installed within a furred
space on the interior side of the wall.
Below grade, insulation is often
placed on the exterior side of the
wall.
11. Veneered Walls
Masonry is used as a facing material.
In this case, the masonry does not
act structurally. It serves to perform
as a weather barrier and as a finish
material. Insulation and mechanical
equipment is normally located
between studs.
12. Reinforced Masonry Walls
Similar to a reinforced concrete wall,
a reinforced masonry wall
incorporates steel to provide
resistance to tension, shear, and
compression forces. Reinforcing bars
are placed vertically in walls and tied
to horizontal bars. Insulation and
mechanical equipment is placed
similar to that in a solid wall
13. Cavity Walls
A cavity wall is composed of two
wythes of either solid or hollow
masonry separated by a continuous
air space, and bonded together with
metal ties or joint reinforcement. The
cavity offers important advantages in
areas of severe exposure:
14. Cavity Walls
The continuous air space provides
insulation value and a place
where additional insulation may be
installed.
The continuous air space acts as a
barrier to moisture penetration.
In cavity walls, insulation and
mechanical equipment are often
installed within the cavity, or within
a furred space on the interior of the
wall.
15. MORTAR
Mortar is a pasty material formed by the addition of water to
a mixture composed of an aggregate (sand) and a
binding material (cement or lime) which may be
handled with a trowel. The mortar units the individual
bricks together. Generally, following types of mortar are
in use,
o
Mud mortar
o
Cement mortar
o
Lime mortar
o
Cement lime mortar
Mud mortar is used for the temporary construction.
Cement mortar is used for permanent structures. In
order to select a suitable type of mortar for a given
construction, we must know the type of desired finish,
the magnitude and nature of super-imposed load, the
effect of weathering agencies and the importance of
structure.
16. Brick Masonry
Brick masonry is construction in which
uniform units (“bricks”), small enough to be
placed with one hand, are laid in courses
with mortar joints to form walls. Bricks are
kiln baked from various clay and shale
mixtures. The chemical and physical
characteristics of the ingredients vary
considerably. These characteristics and the
kiln temperatures combine to produce brick
in a variety of colors and harnesses.
25. Basic Brickwork
Terminology
Header - Bonds two wythes together
Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick
Rowlock laid on face,
end visible
Stretcher - long dimension horizontal
& face parallel to the wall
Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel
46. Bond
Bonding in brickwork in an arrangement of bricks,
usually overlapping between courses in order to
distribute load and provide stability. Bonding can also
be used for decorative purposes. In general
brickwork should not be less than quarter bonded.
Brick bond
47. Header
A brick which is laid in
a way that only the
short end is visible in
the wall
Stretcher
A brick which is laid
in a way that allows
only the longer side
of the brick to be
exposed.
48. Stretcher Bond
Easiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount of
cutting required Originally used for single brick
walls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became the
obvious choice for cavity walls as less cutting
was required.
49. English Bond
Alternative courses of headers and
stretchers; one header placed centrally above
each stretcher.
This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1
brick thick(or thicker).
One of the strongest brickwork bond
patterns.
50. Flemish Bond
Alternate bricks are placed as header and
stretcher in every course. Each header is
placed centrally between the stretcher
immediately above and bellow. This is not
as strong as the English bond at 1 brick
thick. Can be successfully applied in cavity
wall.
51. Raking Bond
Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be
effective within an exposed framed
construction, or contained within
restraining brick courses.
52. English Garden Wall Bond
An alternative version of English bond
with header courses being inserted at
every fourth or sixth course. This is a
correspondingly weaker bond. Suitable
for free standing wall.
53. Common/ American Bond
A brickwork pattern in which all rows
are stretchers, except an eighth row of
headers
54. Flemish Garden Wall Bond
In this variant of Flemish bond, one
header is placed at every third stretcher
55. Running Bond
Consist of all stretchers no header
used in this bond so metal ties are
used Cavity wall construction &
veneered walls of brick.
57. Header Bond
A masonry bond consisting of header
courses exclusively. Header bond
was sometimes used to help make a
building look bigger. Civic buildings
and the odd town-house can be
found in Header bond. It's also used
where there is a lot of ornamental
detail, presumably to avoid a lot of
unsightly and costly cutting.
58. Racking Bond
Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be
effective within an exposed framed
construction, or contained within
restraining brick courses.
59. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
1. The small retail building whose plan is drawn below is
to be built of modular bricks.
Before construction can begin, you must work out
exact dimensions to guide masons.
Count squares to determine each dimension
approximately, then fill in the exact dimensions of the
brickwork, accurate to the nearest 1/8" or 1 mm, in
such a way that only full bricks and half bricks need
be used in the stretcher courses. Check your work by
adding each chain of short dimensions and
comparing the sum to the corresponding overall
dimension.
Brick masonry dimensioning is illustrated in Figure
8.22 of the text, and further discussed on pages 65 – 66 of
the Exercises workbook.
60. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
Brick masonry dimensioning is illustrated in Figure 8.22 of the text, and
further discussed on pages 65 – 66 of the Exercises workbook.
61. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of
wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6"
(2896 mm) is desired, figure the number of courses and
the exact height of the wall for each of the following
types of masonry units:
62. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of wood
joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm) is
desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of
the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:
a. Modular brick
a) For nominal 2 1/4” brick, 3 courses (3 bricks plus 3
mortar joints) = 8”, so the height of one course = 8” /
3 courses = 2.67”
b) 9’ – 6” = 114”; 114” / 2.67” per course = 42.7
courses; say 43
c) Height = 43 x 2.67” = 114.81” = 9’ – 6 3/4” 43
courses, 9’ – 6 3/4”
b. Engineer Standard brick
a) 1 course is 2 3/4” brick + 3/8” mortar joint = 3 1/8”
b) 114” / 3.125” per course = 36.5 courses; say 37
c) Height = 37 x 3.125” = 115.625” = 9’ – 7 5/8”
37 courses, 9’–7 5/8”
63. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm) is
desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of the wall for each of the following types of masonry
units:
c. Closure Standard brick
a) 1 course = 3.625” + .375” = 4”
b) 114” / 4” = 28.5”; say 29
c) Height = 29 x 4” = 116” = 9’ – 8”
d) Or, 28 courses: 116” – 4” = 112” = 9’ – 4”
29 courses, 9’–8”, or 28 courses, 9’–4”
d. Roman brick
a) 1 course = 1.625” + .375” = 2”
b) 114” / 2” = 57 courses exactly
c) Height is exactly 114”
57 courses, 9’–6”
e. Norman brick
See modular brick solution
43 courses, 9’–6 3/4”
64. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of wood joists. If a ceiling height of
approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm) is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of
the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:
f. King Size brick, 2 5/8” high
a) 1 course = 2.625” + .375” = 3”
b) 114” / 3” = 38 courses exactly
c) Height is exactly 114”
38 courses, 9’–6”
g. 8” x 8” x 16” concrete block
a) Indicated block size is nominal: 1 course = 8”
b) 114” / 8” = 14.25; say 14 courses
c) 14 x 8” = 112” = 9’ – 4”
h. Arizona adobe brick 4” x 12” x 8”, with 1/2” joints
a) Assume indicated brick size is actual, not nominal:
1 course = 4” + 1/2” = 4.5”
b) 114” / 4.5” = 25.33, say 25
c) 25 x 4.5” = 112.5” = 9’ – 4 1/2”
25 courses, 9’–4 1/2”
65. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
1. Draw in both elevation and section an appropriate
design to span each of these openings:
See Figures 8.25 through 8.33 for examples of various techniques for
spanning wall openings.
a. Doorway in a garden wall of Flemish Bond modular
brickwork two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale, standing
in the opening, before you start designing the opening. You
may use special brick shapes if you wish.
66. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
See Figures 8.25 through 8.33 for examples of various techniques for
spanning wall openings.
a. Doorway in a garden wall of Flemish Bond modular
brickwork two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale, standing
in the opening, before you start designing the opening. You
may use special brick shapes if you wish.
67. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
2. A window opening in a downtown apartment building
built of Closure Standard bricks is two wythes thick.
Draw yourself to scale in the window, and pay attention
to how you detail the brickwork at the sill and jambs. Use
any bond you wish, and special brick shapes as you see
fit.
68. ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes
Brick Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
2. A window opening in a downtown apartment building built of Closure Standard bricks is two
wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale in the window, and pay attention to how you detail the
brickwork at the sill and jambs. Use any bond you wish, and special brick shapes as you see fit
.
69. Defects in Brick Masonry
1. Sulphate attack:
This is a common defect, at locations where
the brick work is exposed. The sulphate salts
present in brick react with aluminum salts of
cement. Due to the reaction, increase in the volume
of mortar takes lace, which results in cracking,
chipping and spelling of bricks. This may also cause
failure of brickwork.
70. Defects in Brick Masonry
2. Crystallization of salts from
bricks:
If the bricks are manufactured from earth
containing excessive soluble salts. These salts
dissolved in water (due to rain or due to the entry of
moisture) and appear in the form of fine whitish
crystals on the exposed brick surface. This is also
known as efflorescence. The masonry surface will
give an ugly appearance.
71. Defects in Brick Masonry
3. Corrosion of embedded
fixtures:
Iron, steel fixtures (pipes, holdfasts etc.) and
reinforcement etc., embedded in brick masonry gets
corroded in presence of moisture. The corrosion
results in increased volume, which caused cracks in
brick masonry.
4. Dry shrinkage:
When moisture penetrates the brick work it swells.
On evaporation of moisture the brick shrinks
resulting in development of cracks in the masonry
joints frequent swelling and shrinkage may cause
failure of masonry.
72. Defects in Brick Masonry
5. Quality of brick:
Use of interior quality bricks will also caused
expansion and cracking in brickwork.
6. Weather/ Climate action:
In snow bound areas if water is present in the
brickwork cause freezing of water. The increase in
volume may cause cracking in brickwork.
73. Maintenance of Brick Masonry
1. Repainting Brickwork:
The painted walls should be repainted to
prevent spelling of bricks.
2. Repointing old brickwork:
Repointing is carried out to improve the
appearance of old brickwork and to make it water
tight.
3. Cleaning brickwork:
Brick work can be cleaned with steam or
steam and hot water jets. This type of treatment is
useful for fine textured and hard burnt bricks.
74. Maintenance of Brick Masonry
4. Removal of Efflorescence:
Efflorescence - soluble salts when dried get
deposited on the surface of the bricks as a white
layer.
Efflorescence can be removed by scrubbing the wall
with water and a stiff brush. If this is not successful,
a 10% solution of muriatic acid may be used. After
this treatment the walls rinsed with pure water
immediately.
75. Hollow Concrete Masonry
Concrete Hollow Blocks is an excellent replacement
of clay bricks. The block masonry is load bearing
and there are several advantages of using blocks.
The blocks have been in existence all over the
world for more than 100 years. Concrete hollow
blocks have holes, which are horizontally aligned.
This allows moisture to seep through. Blocks are
made of concrete, which absorbs very little water. At
the same time, they have vertically aligned holes,
which do not allow moisture to seep through.
76. Hollow Concrete Masonry
Concrete blocks can be used like any other
masonry unit to build foundations, walls, arches and
corbels, etc. A typical concrete block is equivalent to
4.5 bricks, thus construction is faster than with other
masonry units. The mortar is also less which results
in cost saving. Concrete blocks have been
extensively used in combination with conventional
roofing systems like RCC, RBC, GI sheets, ACC
sheets etc. They are also compatible with other
materials like fired bricks, dressed stone and
compressed earth blocks for composite wall
construction.
77. The advantages of using
blocks are as follows:
Highly Durable
Low Maintenance, Color and brilliance of
masonry withstands outdoor elements.
Load Bearing, strength can be specified as per
the requirement.
Fire Resistant
Provide thermal and sound insulation
Economical
78. The advantages of using
blocks are as follows:
7. Environment Friendly, flash used as one of the raw
materials.
8. Low insurance rates
9. Popular for foundation walls.
10. Do not require formwork
11. Blocks are fairly inexpensive
12. Work can be stopped and started as needed
79. CAVITY WALL
“A wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with
a
space / cavity between them”
“A type of building wall construction
consisting of an outer wall fastened to
inner
wall separated by an air space”
FUNCTION
To prevent the penetration of rain to the
internal surface of the wall
REFER TO PAGE 269
Course
HORIZONTAL LAYER OF MASONRY UNITS
Head & Bed Joints
Wythe
VERTICAL LAYER OF UNITS - ONE UNIT THICK
Stretcher
FACE PARALLEL TO WALL
LONG DIMENSION HORIZONTAL
Header
LAID TO BOND TWO WYTHES TOGETHER
Soldier
LAID ON ITS END
FACE PARALLEL TO WALL
USES- VISUAL EFFECT
Rowlock
LAID ON ITS FACE
END VISIBLE
USES - CAPS, SILLS
SLIDE 4280-3
Molding process
EXTRUSION
PRESSED
MOLDED (HAND OR MACHINE)
Color
BASED ON
CLAY COMPOSITION
ADDITIVES / CHEMICALS
FIRING PROCESS
Size
APPEARANCE, COST TO INSTALL
Grade
RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING
THREE GRADES
Type
BASED ON THE DEGREE OF UNIFORMITY OF
SHAPE
DIMENSION
TEXTURE
COLOR
HIGH UNIFORMITY TO NON-UNIFORM
Layout & Leads
ESTABLISH “LINE” & “ELEVATION”
LEADS - ESTABLISH WALL PLANE & COURSE HEIGHT
OFTEN - CORNERS
Line
LITERALLY - STRETCH A LINE & LAY BRICK / BLOCK TO IT
Staging
HEAVY MATERIAL
Difficult to USE LADDERS - NEED STAGING
ESTABLISHING A WORK PLATFORM”
SCAFOLD BUILT IN PLACE, ADJUSTABLE SCAFOLD, AUTOMATED SCAFOLDING
Cutting Masonry
HAMMER, DIAMOND BLADE (H2O COOLED)
EXPENSIVE, - DESIGN ATTEMPTS TO Minimize
Cleaning Masonry
BRUSHED & ACID CLEANED (PROTECTION OF OTHER SURFACES)
![masonry
Masonry is generally a highly durable form
of construction. However, the materials
used, the quality of the mortar and
workmanship, and the pattern in which the
units are assembled can significantly affect
the durability of the over all masonry
construction.
Masonry units, such as brick, tile, stone,
glass brick or concrete block generally
conform[where?] to the requirements specified in
the 2003 International Building Code (IBC)
Section 2103.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)