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Recognize types and definition of
framework structural systems:
a. Column and beam
b. Cantilever
c. Truss
d. Space Frame
e. Geodesic Frame
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DEFINITION
DEFINITION > COLUMN
A rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to
support axial, compressive loads applied at the member ends.
DEFINITION > BEAM
A rigid structural member designed to carry & transfer transverse
loads across space to supporting elements.
POST & BEAM SYSTEM @ POST & LINTEL SYSTEM
A simple construction method using a lintel, header, or
architrave as the horizontal member over a building void
supported at its ends by two vertical columns, pillars, or posts.
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POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES
• Most architectural structures are of the post-and-beam type.
• Post and beam buildings carry the weight of their structural components(and
the weight of objects and people in them) by bearing on one another.
• The weight of the roof and beams is carried by the posts down to the
foundation and then into the ground. Horizontal beams are subject to bending
loads, therefore the structural materials should be able of resisting both tension
and compression.
• We can further subdivide the post and beam structures into:
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DEFINITION
CANTILEVER
A beam @ other rigid structural
member extending beyond a fulcrum &
supported by a balancing member @ a
downward force behind the fulcrum.
Diagram of loading
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DEFINITION
CANTILEVER BEAM
A projecting beam supported at
only one fixed end.
Diagram of loading
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DEFINITION
A structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle &
composed of linear members subject only to axial tension @
compression.
1. PLANAR TRUSS
DEFINITION:
A truss all of whose
members lie in a single
plane (two dimensional
plane).
• E.g: roofs, bridges
2. SPACE FRAME
TRUSS
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EXAMPLES (nature)
Wing Bones of a Bird
Warren
Truss
Bridge
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EXAMPLES (nature)
Pelvic Bones of a Bird
King
Post
Truss
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DEFINITION
Three-dimensional framework of members pinned
at their ends.
• A tetrahedron shape is the simplest space
truss, consisting of six members which meet
at four joints.
Simple tetrahedron
Diagram of a planar space frame such as used for
a roof
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1. SKELETON
TYPES
FRAMEWORK
(braced)
• Number of bars
interconnected
at the nodes.
• e.g.
domes, barrel
vaults, double
and multiplier
grids, braced
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TYPES
2. STRESSED-SKIN SYSTEMS
• Thin sheet material +rigid frame = STRESSED SKIN
• Used in aircraft, the space shuttle, unit body automobiles.
• e.g. Stressed skin folded plates, stressed skin domes and
barrel vaults, pneumatic structures.
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TYPES
3. SUSPENDED STRUCTURES (cable or membrane)
• Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and
uses suspension cables for support.
• e.g. Cable roofs.
Material - PTFE-coated
fibreglass & PVC-coated
polyester.
Nature - spider web
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DEFINITION
A steel dome having members which follow three
principal sets of great circles intersecting at
60°, subdividing the dome surface into series of
equilateral spherical triangles.
The more complex this system of triangles, the more spherical the
dome becomes.
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TYPES
1. Struts:
Struts are the force
members in a geodesic
dome that act in
compressive and tensile
forces to resist loading.
2. Pins:
The pins are used at vertices
to hold the struts together.
3. Substructure:
The foundation transfers
loads from the
superstructure down into
the earth.
