The chapter discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA), including one-way and two-way ANOVA tests. It outlines the goals of understanding when to use ANOVA, different ANOVA designs, how to perform single-factor hypothesis tests and interpret results, conduct post-hoc multiple comparisons procedures, and analyze two-factor ANOVA tests. The key aspects covered include partitioning total variation into between-group and within-group variation, calculating sum of squares, mean squares, and F statistics to test for differences between group means. Post-hoc procedures like Tukey-Kramer are also introduced to determine which specific group means are significantly different from each other.