Cs ch00

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-1
Spring(2015)
Instructor: Muhammad Shahzad
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved

Goal Of this Course
• To provide a practical, realistic fundamental
understanding of the entire field
- To explore the breadth of computer science
- Enough depth will be included for every topics
- To work on computers and their related fields with
deeper understanding;
- To keep track of technologies, theories and
applications in the future

Chapter 0
Introduction
© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved

Chapter 0: Introduction
• 0.1 The Role of Algorithms
• 0.2 The Origins of Computing Machines
• 0.3 The Science of Algorithms
• 0.4 Abstraction
• 0.5 An Outline of Our Study

Terminology
• Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is
performed (ordered set with unambiguous, executable
and terminable properties)
• Program: A representation of an algorithm
• Programming: The process of developing a program
• Software: Programs and algorithms.
• Hardware: Equipment

History of Algorithms
• The study of algorithms was originally a
subject in mathematics.
• Early examples of algorithms
– Long division algorithm
– Euclidean Algorithm
• Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some
problems cannot be solved by algorithms.

Figure 0.2 The Euclidean algorithm

Inputs;
Operations ;(to
solve problem)
Outputs;

Inputs;
Operations ;(to
solve problem)
Outputs;
Ordered;
Unambiguous (clear);
Executable;
Terminable;

Origins of Computing Machines
• Early computing devices
– Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers
– Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)
• Positions of gears represent numbers
• Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

Figure 0.3 An Abacus
91,302,057

Early Data Storage
• Punched cards
– First used in Jacquard Loom
(1801) to store patterns for
weaving cloth
– Stored programs in Babbage’s
Analytical Engine
– Popular through the 1970’s
• Gear positions

Early Computers
• Based on mechanical relays
– 1940: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories
– 1944: Mark I: Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard
• Based on vacuum tubes
– 1937-1941: Atanasoff-Berry at Iowa State
– 1940s: Colossus: secret German code-breaker
– 1940s: ENIAC: Mauchly & Eckert at U. of Penn.

Figure 0.4 The Mark I computer

Personal Computers
– First used by hobbyists
– IBM introduced the PC in 1981
• Accepted by business
• Became the standard hardware design for most desktop
computers
• Most PCs use software from Microsoft

Computer Science
• The science of algorithms
• Scope of computer science is broad, drawing
from other subjects, including
– Mathematics
– Engineering
– Psychology
– Business Administration
– Linguistics

Central Questions of Computer
Science
• Which problems can be solved by algorithmic
processes?
• How can algorithm discovery be made easier?
• How can techniques of representing and
communicating algorithms be improved?
• How can our knowledge of algorithms and technology
be applied to provide better machines?
• How can characteristics of different algorithms be
analyzed and compared?

Figure 0.5 The central role of
algorithms in computer science

Abstraction
• Abstraction: The distinction between the
external properties of an entity and the details
of the entity’s internal composition
• Abstract tool: A “component” that can be used
without concern for the component’s internal
properties

An example of the abstraction
of a communication network
A sub network
B sub network
u
v

Outline of Our Study
• Chapter 1: Data Storage
• Chapter 2: Data Manipulation
• Chapter 3: Operating Systems
• Chapter 4: Networks and the Internet
• Chapter 5: Algorithms

Outline of Our Study (continued)
• Chapter 6: Programming Languages
• Chapter 7: Software Engineering
• Chapter 8: Data Abstractions
• Chapter 9: Database Systems
• Chapter 10: Artificial Intelligence
• Chapter 11: Theory of Computation

Outline of this course
From Concrete to Abstract
Algorithms (Ch. 5)
CS4520/6520
Theory of Computation (Ch. 11)
CS8540/8550 …
Data Representation and
Storage (Ch. 1)
Computer Architecture (Ch.
2) CS4210/6210/8210
Operating System (Ch. 3)
CS4320/6320/8320
Network and Internet (Ch. 4)
CS4220/6220/8220
Practice 1: Static
Web design
Programming Language (Ch.
6) …
Data Structure (Ch. 8)
CS3410
Database System (Ch. 9)
CS4710/6710/8710/8711
Software Engineering (Ch. 7)
CS4350/6350/8350
Practice 2:
Dynamic Web
design
Advanced
Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10)
CS4810/6810
Scientific Computing such as
BioinformaticsCS6630/8630
Sensor Network
Human-Computer InteractionComputer graphics
Parallel and Distributing
Computing CS4310/6310/8530
Advanced Topics:
From
Bottom
to
Up

Outline of this course
Algorithms (Ch. 5)
CS4520/6520
CS8540/8550 …
Storage (Ch. 1)
2) CS4210/6210/8210
CS4320/6320/8320
CS4220/6220/8220
Practice 1: Static
Web design
6) …
CS3410
CS4710/6710/8710/8711
CS4350/6350/8350
Practice 2:
Dynamic Web
design
Advanced
CS4810/6810
Sensor Network
Advanced Topics:
From
Bottom
to
Up

Outline of course
Algorithms (Ch. 5)
CS4520/6520
CS8540/8550 …
Storage (Ch. 1)
2) CS4210/6210/8210
CS4320/6320/8320
CS4220/6220/8220
Practice 1: Static
Web design
6) …
CS3410
CS4710/6710/8710/8711
CS4350/6350/8350
Practice 2:
Dynamic Web
design
Advanced
CS4810/6810
Sensor Network
Advanced Topics:
From
Bottom
to
Up

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