The document outlines the conclusions and recommendations from a conference on ecological agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, noting that ecological agriculture practices have potential to increase productivity and food security, mitigate and adapt to climate change, and improve livelihoods. It recommends that the African Union, FAO, and governments develop policies and action plans to promote ecological agriculture, establish research centers and information sharing networks, and support farmers through market access and capacity building. Transitioning to ecological agriculture faces challenges of lack of policy support, resources, awareness, and research that need to be addressed through coordinated efforts at national, regional, and international levels.

1. AFRIC A
C n ee c o
o fr n e n
AND FOOD S Y STE M S RESILIEN C E IN S U B- S AHARAN
Ec l gc lA rc lu e
o o ia gi ut r:
Mtg tn Ci a eC a g,
ii ai g l m t h n e
Po ii gF o Sc rt
r vdn o d e u iy
A dS l- ei n eF r
n e f Rla c o
R r l i ei o d I A rc
u a Lv lh o s n fia
C C S Sa d
ON LUION n
RE O ENDATION
C MM S
African Union Headquarters
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
26-28 November 2008
C LI M ATE C HANGE
TWN
Third World Network institute
for
sustainable development

3. T eG e nRn e e o inAsa gc oA fc A rc
h r e C v lt c o Ec l Lss ngo utia
o f r i n n i: ia srr lu e
e o un e o o e l i f r:
Mtg tn Ci a eC a g,
ii ai g l m t h n e
Poii gF o Sc rt A dS l- ei n eF r
r vdn o d e u iy n e f Rla c o
R r l i ei o d I A rc
u a Lv lh o s n fia
C C S Sa dRE O ENDATION
ON LUION n C MM S
Hira Jhamtani, TWN Indonesia
African Union Headquarters
Associate TWN researcher Addis Ababa, Ethopia
based in Bali, Indonesia 26-28 November 2008
semestha@yahoo.com
Month 2009
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | 2 010

4. CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies
or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been
endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
ISBN
All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.
Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge. Reproduction for resale or other commercial
purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees.
Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials and all other queries on
rights and licences, should be addressed
by e-mail to
copyright@fao.org
or to
the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch
Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
© FAO 2010
photo credits
cover & background image: courtesy of Marzio Marzot
previous page: ©FAO/J. Isaac

5. c ne t
o t ns
Introduction................................................................................................................... 1
General views.
............................................................................................................... 2
Main conclusions.......................................................................................................... 3
Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 5
Policy and planning.............................................................................................................................. 5
Research and development.................................................................................................................. 6
.
Demonstration projects and technical assistance.............................................................................. 7
Implementation..................................................................................................................................... 7
.
a nx
ne
Annex A: Standing committee on ecological agriculture........................................................ 9
.
— iii —

6. Conf enc on Ecol i
er e og cal Agr cul
i tur : M t ga ing C ima Change P ov ing F
e ii t l te , r id ood S cur ty
e i
And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
I t o u to
n r d ci n
The Conference on Ecological Agriculture: Mitigating Climate Change, Providing
Food Security and Self-Reliance for Rural Livelihoods in Africa was held in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia on 26-28 November 2008. It was organised by the African Union
(AU), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia, in collaboration with
the Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Ethiopia and the Third World
Network (TWN).
Over 80 participants from 15 African countries - Benin, Burundi, Djibouti,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania,
Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe - attended the Conference. The participants
included policy makers, agriculture experts representing governments, NGOs,
farmers’ organizations, universities, and international and regional bodies such
as the AU, FAO, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),
the UNEP‑UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and
Development (CBTF), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),
International Assessment on Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology
for Development (IAASTD) and World Food Programme (WFP).
The Conference was preceded by a field visit to the Axum area in Tigray Region
in northern Ethiopia on 23-25 November 2008, to visit some of the communities
of smallholder farmers that the Tigray Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural
Development of Ethiopia and ISD have been working with on ecological agriculture
since 1996. This was an appropriate experience to help focus attention on the
aspects of the ecosystem that can easily respond to appropriate management, so
as to stimulate discussion on experiences relevant for raising agricultural production,
mitigating and adapting to climate change, and achieving the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.
The following are among the significant views, conclusions and recommendations
expressed by participants during the Conference.
— 1 —

7. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
G n r lve s
e ea i w
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
The Conference heard several presentations and discussed the challenges facing
African agriculture, not least among them the global food crisis, climate change
and the conflicts with inappropriate biofuels development. Moreover, land degradation
and the consequential loss of soil fertility, which are exacerbated by pests and
erratic rainfall associated with climate change, are major constraints to improving
agricultural production in Africa. Consequently, many local communities in African
countries are food insecure. Trade policies also have implications for African food
security and rural development, which need to be addressed, to stop the worrying
trend of food import dependency and increasing vulnerability to external shocks.
The steep rise in petroleum prices and the consequent increase in the cost of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides are making it essential to improve soil fertility
and agricultural productivity in Africa through effective management of the local
resources that are found in the agricultural and surrounding ecosystems. Many
diverse and creative ecological agriculture (including organic agriculture) practices
based on rich traditional knowledge and agrobiodiversity are found in Africa.
Where supported by appropriate research and policy, it has been shown that these
have been effective in tackling poverty and improving livelihoods.
In addition, this opens up the opportunity for Africa’s smallholder farmers to
become recognized as organic farmers producing for the growing global market
fetching fair prices for their products. The global organic market growth has been
about 15 percent per year over the past decade. Internal markets for organic
products are also developing rapidly, particularly where consumers are made aware
of the improvements to health from eating organic food.
The Conference heard presentations on the potential of ecological agriculture,
including organic agriculture, to meet food security needs in Africa. Concrete
examples and lessons learnt were presented from several African countries on
practices that have successfully increased productivity and yields of crops, provided
ecologically sound pest, weed and disease control, resulted in better water availability,
— 2 —

8. Conf enc on Ecol i
er e og cal Agr cul
i tur : M t ga ing C ima Change P ov ing F
e ii t l te , r id ood S cur ty
e i
And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
met household and local food security needs, increased household income and
improved livelihood opportunities, especially for women who are the majority of
Africa’s farmers. Other presentations focused on the potential of ecological
agriculture to mitigate climate change, and to provide farmers with the means to
adapt to climate change.
Participants discussed the need for appropriate national policies to support and
build the capacity of farmers and agricultural professionals to implement and
mainstream ecological/organic agriculture in Africa. Some of the major barriers
and challenges to a transition to ecological agriculture were identified, and
recommendations for charting the way forward in terms of policies, action plans
and regional and international cooperation were made.
M i c n lso s
an o cui n
1. Ecological agriculture holds significant promise for increasing the productivity
of Africa’s smallholder farmers, with consequent positive impacts on food security
and food self-reliance. This is demonstrated by efforts such as the Tigray Project,
now working with over 20 000 farming families in Ethiopia, where crop yields
of major cereals and pulses have almost doubled using ecological agricultural
practices such as composting, water and soil conservation activities, agroforestry
and crop diversification. Although Tigray was previously known as one of the
most degraded Regions of Ethiopia, yet over the 12 years of the introduction
and expansion of ecological agriculture, the use of chemical fertilizers has
steadily decreased while total grain production has steadily increased.
2. As most poor farmers, particularly in degraded lands and in market-marginalised
areas, are not able to afford external inputs, the principles and approach of the
Tigray Project, based on ecological agriculture, offer farmers and their families
a real and affordable means to break out of poverty and achieve food security,
provided that relevant government commitment, support and capacity-building
is provided to them.
— 3 —

9. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
3. Ecological agriculture also provides many other benefits, including to the
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
environment, such as addressing land degradation and reducing the use of
polluting chemical inputs, with consequent beneficial health impacts. Ecological
agriculture helps foster agrobiodiversity and other essential environmental
services, which improve agroecosystem resilience, helping farmers to better
face risks and uncertainties. The productivity and diversity of crops also increase
incomes and improve rural livelihoods.
4. Ecological agriculture has high climate change mitigation potential; for example
avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers results in reduced greenhouse gas
emissions, particularly nitrous oxide. Ecological agriculture practices such as
using leguminous crops, crop residues, cover crops and agroforestry enhance
soil fertility and lead to the stabilization of soil organic matter and in many
cases to a heightened sequestration of carbon in the soils.
5. Ecological agriculture assists farmers in adapting to climate change by establishing
conditions that increase agroecosystem resilience to stress. Increasing an
agroecosystem’s adaptive capacity allows it to better withstand climate variability,
including erratic rainfall and temperature variations and other unexpected
events. Drawing on strong local community and farmers’ knowledge and
agrobiodiversity, ecological agriculture improves soil quality by enhancing soil
structure and its organic matter content, which in turn promotes efficient water
use and retains soil moisture. Such conditions simultaneously enhance soil
conservation and soil fertility, leading to increased crop yields.
6. The development and growing of biofuels should not compete with food
and other crops, and thus require comprehensive impact assessments.
Locally-controlled bioenergy production that makes use of agricultural
waste and biomass, such as through biogas digesters, could provide sustainable
energy generation.
7. Food and energy demand and climate change are inducing land use changes
and land access issues, which threaten the viability of farming and rural
livelihoods. The resilience of agroecosystems can only be built by empowering
— 4 —

10. Conf enc on Ecol i
er e og cal Agr cul
i tur : M t ga ing C ima Change P ov ing F
e ii t l te , r id ood S cur ty
e i
And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
local communities, particularly women, to rehabilitate, adapt and improve their
natural resource base for continued productivity, and by giving them the
appropriate legal backing.
8. The implementation and scaling up of ecological agriculture face several constraints,
including the lack of policy support at local, national, regional and international
levels, resource and capacity constraints, and a lack of awareness and inadequate
information, training and research on ecological agriculture at all levels.
Rc mm n ai n
e o e d to s
Policy and planning
1. The AU and other regional organizations (e.g. Southern African Development
Community, SADC; Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS;
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, COMESA) are urged to take
action to assist African governments in implementing policies and action plans
on ecological agriculture. The AU Commission should also develop strategic
partnerships with civil society and other actors to promote and implement
ecological agriculture in the continent.
2. The FAO is called to assist the AU in developing an African Action Plan on
Ecological Agriculture that will guide member countries in implementing
relevant policies and action plans, as a matter of urgency.
3. Governments are urged to conduct in-depth assessments of agricultural
conditions and policies in their countries, identify barriers to a transition to
ecological agriculture and gaps in policy, and to ensure policy coherence such
that ecological agriculture is promoted and facilitated. Meaningful impact of
development actions also requires the extensive deployment of extension
officers and direct involvement of local communities. Resources from the
national, regional and international levels, including climate-related funds,
should be made available to assist governments to implement policies and
action plans on ecological agriculture.
— 5 —

11. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
4. Trade policies should be crafted so that they are supportive of ecological/organic
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
agriculture. Governments are urged to ensure that commitments made at the
multilateral and bilateral levels provide enough policy space to enable support
for the agriculture sector, expansion of local food production, and effective
instruments to provide local and household food security, farmers’ livelihoods
and meet rural development needs.
5. Governments are urged to provide support in linking farmers to markets, in
the development of domestic and regional markets for organic agricultural
products, and in assisting farmers to access regional and international markets.
Building awareness on the environmental and health benefits of organic
products, and creating linkages between producers and consumers through
short supply chains for ecological produce, are needed in order to stimulate
local demand and local markets.
Research and development
6. Institutions involved in ecological agriculture are requested to pool their
expertise and identify ways to establish an African Centre of Excellence on
Ecological Agricultural Research. Research priorities along the value chain,
including key food crops and animals, best practices, economic aspects, main
problems and solutions to these problems, should be identified in a participatory
manner. Farmers’ knowledge is a basic and important component of the research/
development continuum and research from the scientific community can
complement and build on this.
7. The Conference participants agreed to establish a resource centre on ecological
agriculture (e.g. an electronic library) to document best practices (including
local knowledge and skills) and enable better communications, sharing of
information and experiences on ecological agriculture.
8. Governments are urged to develop awareness, training and educational materials
and curricula on ecological agriculture, including for students in schools, tertiary
— 6 —

12. Conf enc on Ecol i
er e og cal Agr cul
i tur : M t ga ing C ima Change P ov ing F
e ii t l te , r id ood S cur ty
e i
And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
educational institutions, graduate schools, extension officers and farmers. There
is a need to include the mass media in awareness-raising efforts and to encourage
consumers to appreciate the values of local organic products. Guidelines must
be developed for training of trainers (e.g. extension officers) on watershed
environmental management strategies and climate change adaptation practices
through ecological agriculture. Improving soil fertility in dry and poorly
vegetated areas must be given specific consideration.
Demonstration projects and technical assistance
9. Pilot projects on ecological agriculture should be established in each country to
demonstrate the benefits of ecological agriculture to food security and rural
livelihoods. In locations where Green Revolution projects are being launched or
implemented, ecological agriculture pilot projects should be given the same financial
and other kinds of support in order to allow comparative assessment of the two
management systems’ performance, including periodic documentation, monitoring
and evaluation of impacts over the short-, medium- and long-terms. Where
ecological agriculture projects already exist, they should be scaled up so as to
encourage a wider impact on the environment and uptake by rural communities.
10. he training and technical assistance needs in relation to ecological agriculture
T
should be identified and a list of experts compiled and targeted for continued
capacity-building and training.
Implementation
11. The international community and African regional and national organisations,
including the co-organisers of the Conference, are urged and encouraged to
undertake follow-up activities, including providing policy and technical
assistance to African governments, particularly the Ministries of Agriculture,
Environment and Trade, in order to vigorously support ecological/organic
— 7 —

13. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
agriculture plans and programmes. Efforts should also include assisting
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Governments to tap climate-related funds in order to support capacity-building
work in ecological agriculture.
12. he donor community is called upon to provide the resources required for
T
ecological agriculture interventions to meaningfully support food security and
rural livelihoods. This entails ensuring that adequate and balanced financial
allocations are made for ecological agriculture projects. This is especially needed
as heavy investments in industrial and chemically-oriented agriculture create
disincentives to other agricultural management alternatives.
13. he Conference participants established a Standing Committee on Ecological
T
Agriculture (see Annex A), which includes representatives from each participating
country, in order to continue sharing experiences, enhance networking, undertake
follow-up activities such as national workshops, and further the implementation
of ecological/organic agriculture in their respective countries and at regional
and international levels.
— 8 —

14. Conf enc on Ecol i
er e og cal Agr cul
i tur : M t ga ing C ima Change P ov ing F
e ii t l te , r id ood S cur ty
e i
And Self el
‑R iance For Rural Livelihoods In Afr ca-CONCLUS
i IONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
a n xa
ne
Sa dn C mmt e o e o o ia a rc lu e
t n i g o it e n c l gc l gi ut r
African Union (AU) Ethiopia
Dr Sarah Olembo Sue Edwards
Senior Advisor Director
Department of Rural Economy Institute for Sustainable Development
and Agriculture Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa Gebremedhin Birega
Manager
International Federation Eco Consumers’ Association
of Organic Agriculture of Ethiopia
Movements (IFOAM) Addis Ababa
Hervé Bouagnimbeck
Africa Office Coordinator Kenya
IFOAM Head Office Monica Mueni
Bonn, Germany Assistant Director of Agriculture
Nairobi
Benin Zacharia Makanya
Valery Lawson PELUM-Kenya
Secretary General Country Coordinator
NGO JINUKUN / COPAGEN Thika
Cotonou
Mikpon Toussaint Malawi
Researcher Esther Kamlongera
National Agricultural Research Counsellor
Institute of Benin Malawi Embassy
Cotonou Addis Ababa
Burundi Mali
Annick Seziber Niaba Teme
Legal Representative Plant Breeder
CAPAD Researcher
Bujumbura Mali Institute of Rural Economy
Pascal Baridomo Bamako
Director Inades-Formation Burundi Salikou Sanogo
Bujumbura Coordinator of Institute for
Research & the Promotion of
Djibouti Alternatives in Development
Houssein Rayleh Ministry of Agriculture
Director of Djibouti Nature/ Planning and Statistics Department
Coordinator of the Horn of Africa Bamako
Regional Environment Network
Djibouti
Chamake Mohamed Youssouf
Djibouti Government employee
— 9 —

15. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26-28 November 2008
Nigeria Uganda
CLIM ATE CHANGE AND FOOD SYSTEMS RESILIENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Olugbenga AdeOluwa Charles Ssekyewa
Department of Agronomy, Director of Research
Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Ugandan Martyrs University
University of Ibadan/ National Secretary Kampala
Network of Organic Agriculture Doleera Jackson
in Nigeria (NOAN) Executive Director
IFOAM Contact Point DERC
Coordinator for Nigeria (Development of the Rural Economy)
Ibadan Masindi
Rwanda Zambia
Aloys Semakuza Kusiyo Mbikusita Lewanika
Coordinator of BAIR Executive Director
Gisenyi Lyambai Institute of Development
Mongu
Somaliland Bernadette Lubozhya
Khadra Omer Smallholder farmer and
Chairperson Board member of OPPAZ
Bawaaqo Voluntary Organization (Organic Producers & Processors
(BVO) Association of Zambia)
Hargeisa Lusaka
Sudan Zimbabwe
Sumaia Elsayed Medicine Masiiwa
Ahfad University for Women Director, AIPAD Trust, Harare
Umdurnaman Mukura Tamuka
Hayat Ahmed Elmahi Economist, Ministry of Agriculture,
Sudanese Women General Union Harare
(SWGU)
Khartoum
Tanzania
Bashiru Abdul Hasani
Senior Program Officer
AGENDA
(Action for Environment & Development)
Dar es Salaam
Ombaeli Lemweli
Principal Economist
National Food Security Division
Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security
and Cooperatives
Dar es Salaam
— 10 —

16. Design: studio@bartoleschi.com | Italy, 2010