Career pathways and research opportunities in the Earth sciences

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20 April 2023… Mercer County Community College (Presentation): Career pathways and research opportunities in the Earth sciences, West Windsor Township, NJ, USA.

Sciences

STUDYING AND
COMMUNICATING ARCTIC
CLIMATE CHANGE
@ZLabe
Zachary Labe
Princeton University & NOAA GFDL
20 April 2023
Mercer County
Community College
https://zacklabe.com/

Zack Labe
Pioneer Coal Mine Blue Whale of Catoosa Centralia Underground Fire Roadside America Greenland Sea (81°N)
Enjoy: roadside oddities, diners, and horror movies
Hobbies: gardening, #scicomm ( @ZLabe), hiking, traveling to lighthouses
Graduate work: Arctic – midlatitude climate variability (sea-ice changes)
Recent work: using AI to detect patterns of climate variability/change
Now at GFDL I am thinking about: detection and attribution of extreme events
Hometown – Linglestown,
Pennsylvania
BSc – Atmospheric Science
at Cornell University
PhD – Earth System Science
at UC Irvine
Postdoc – climate variability
using AI at Colorado State U.
Postdoc – climate change
and AI at Princeton/GFDL
he/him

The signal (climate change)
The noise (weather)
MY RESEARCH
DISENTANGLES

…using tools like artificial intelligence and climate models to understand global climate change
The signal (climate change)
The noise (weather)
MY RESEARCH
DISENTANGLES

October-November – Relative to the years of 1951-1980
Our planet
without change…

Climate model projection of summer sea ice through 2100

Substantial climate
mitigation
Moderate future
emissions
Expansion of fossil
fuel emissions
World without
climate change
Observed Arctic
temperatures from
1950 to 2021
2020 2100
1930
Arctic Temperature…
using a climate model from GFDL

Crystal Polar Cruise, Aug. 2016
Is this effective
communication?

Crystal Serenity Polar Cruise, Aug. 2016

DATA
VISUALIZATION IS
STORY-TELLING.
Arctic temperature anomalies from 1940 to 2022

DON’T BE
SUCH A
SCIENTIST
WE ARE
DATA
SCIENTISTS
ART BY JILL PELTO

Landscape of Change uses data about sea
level rise, glacier volume decline, increasing
global temperatures, and the increasing use of
fossil fuels. These data lines compose a
landscape shaped by the changing climate, a
world in which we are now living.
Jill Pelto|https://www.jillpelto.com/landscape-of-change
“
”

THE CLIMATE IS
CHANGING
IN REAL-TIME.
Considering a global view of
temperatures relative to
average – placing weather in
the context of climate

THIS IS AN
OPPORTUNITY
TO SHARE STORIES.

[International
Arctic
Research
Center
[IARC;
University
of
Alaska,
Fairbanks]

Crystal Polar Cruise, Aug. 2016
We need scientists.
We need educators.
We need innovators.
We need communicators.

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Sérgio Sacani

Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Unlocking the Potential: Deep dive into ocean of Ceramic Magnets.pptx

anandsmhk

Understanding circumstellar disks is of prime importance in astrophysics, however, their birth process remains poorly constrained due to observational and numerical challenges. Recent numerical works have shown that the small-scale physics, often wrapped into a sub-grid model, play a crucial role in disk formation and evolution. This calls for a combined approach in which both the protostar and circumstellar disk are studied in concert. Aims. We aim to elucidate the small scale physics and constrain sub-grid parameters commonly chosen in the literature by resolving the star-disk interaction. Methods. We carry out a set of very high resolution 3D radiative-hydrodynamics simulations that self-consistently describe the collapse of a turbulent dense molecular cloud core to stellar densities. We study the birth of the protostar, the circumstellar disk, and its early evolution (< 6 yr after protostellar formation). Results. Following the second gravitational collapse, the nascent protostar quickly reaches breakup velocity and sheds its surface material, thus forming a hot (∼ 103 K), dense, and highly flared circumstellar disk. The protostar is embedded within the disk, such that material can flow without crossing any shock fronts. The circumstellar disk mass quickly exceeds that of the protostar, and its kinematics are dominated by self-gravity. Accretion onto the disk is highly anisotropic, and accretion onto the protostar mainly occurs through material that slides on the disk surface. The polar mass flux is negligible in comparison. The radiative behavior also displays a strong anisotropy, as the polar accretion shock is shown to be supercritical whereas its equatorial counterpart is subcritical. We also f ind a remarkable convergence of our results with respect to initial conditions. Conclusions. These results reveal the structure and kinematics in the smallest spatial scales relevant to protostellar and circumstellar disk evolution. They can be used to describe accretion onto regions commonly described by sub-grid models in simulations studying larger scale physics.

Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks

Sérgio Sacani

Jupiter’s moon Io hosts extensive volcanism, driven by tidal heating. The isotopic composition of Io's inventory of volatile chemical elements, including sulfur and chlorine, reflects its outgassing and mass loss history, and thus records information about its evolution. We used millimeter observations of Io’s atmosphere to measure sulfur isotopes in gaseous SO2 and SO, and chlorine isotopes in gaseous NaCl and KCl. We find 34S/32S = 0.0595 ± 0.0038 (equivalent to δ34S = +347 ± 86‰), which is highly enriched compared to average Solar System values and indicates that Io has lost 94 to 99% of its available sulfur. Our measurement of 37Cl/35Cl = 0.403 ± 0.028 (δ37Cl = +263 ± 88‰) shows that chlorine is similarly enriched. These results indicate that Io has been volcanically active for most (or all) of its history, with potentially higher outgassing and mass-loss rates at earlier times.

Isotopic evidence of long-lived volcanism on Io

Sérgio Sacani

Small size (20-300 nm) / bacteria (size measured in μm) Viral genome – single type of nucleic acid: DNA – dezoxyriboviruses RNA - riboviruses Totally dependant on living cells for all metabolic processes May infect humans, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi,parasites, insects Virion = viral corpuscle = elementary, infectious unit. Only visible by electron microscopy. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections Methods: • Cytology • Electron microscopy • Cultivation • Detection of viral proteins • Serology • Molecular diagnosis (detection of genetic material i.e. nucleic acids) PPT prepared by Dr. Prince C P

VIRUSES structure and classification ppt by Dr.Prince C P

PRINCE C P

TEST BANK For Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th Edition by Stewart C...

ssifa0344

Mustard, as a crop, is susceptible to a variety of pests that can affect its growth and yield. Here’s a rundown of some common pests that target mustard plants: Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can cause significant damage by feeding on the leaves and stems. Aphids also excrete a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the plants. Flea Beetles: These tiny beetles jump like fleas when disturbed and chew small holes in the leaves. They are particularly damaging in the early growth stages of the plant. Cabbage Loopers: The larvae of a type of moth, these caterpillars are known for their distinctive looping movement. They chew large holes in the leaves and can defoliate plants if present in large numbers. Diamondback Moth Larvae: Another caterpillar pest, these larvae chew small holes in the leaves and can cause extensive damage, especially when infestations are heavy. Whiteflies: These are tiny, winged insects that feed on plant sap and can quickly become a problem in greenhouse or close planting conditions. Like aphids, they also secrete honeydew. Cutworms: These are the larvae of certain types of moths and are known for cutting young plants at the stem base at ground level. They are most destructive during the night. Root Maggots: The larvae of root maggot flies, these pests attack the roots of mustard plants, causing wilting and potentially killing young plants. Harlequin Bugs: These are colorful stink bugs that suck the sap from mustard plant stems and leaves, causing the leaves to become stippled, wilt, and eventually die if the infestation is severe. Mustard Sawfly: The larvae of the mustard sawfly can cause considerable defoliation, as they feed voraciously on the leaves. Clubroot: Caused by a fungus-like organism, clubroot affects the roots, causing them to swell and distort. While technically a disease, it is often associated with pest management because controlling it involves similar preventative strategies. Control Measures: Managing pests in mustard involves a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical methods. Crop rotation, resistant varieties, timely sowing, maintaining plant health, and using natural predators like ladybugs and parasitic wasps can help keep pest populations under control. Chemical pesticides should be used as a last resort due to their potential impact on the environment and non-target species.

Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation: Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases. Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses. Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease. Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe. Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases. Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses. Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations. Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach. Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

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Career pathways and research opportunities in the Earth sciences

1. STUDYING AND COMMUNICATING ARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGE @ZLabe Zachary Labe Princeton University & NOAA GFDL 20 April 2023 Mercer County Community College https://zacklabe.com/

2. Yes, that’s my high school

3. 2004

4. Zack Labe Pioneer Coal Mine Blue Whale of Catoosa Centralia Underground Fire Roadside America Greenland Sea (81°N) Enjoy: roadside oddities, diners, and horror movies Hobbies: gardening, #scicomm ( @ZLabe), hiking, traveling to lighthouses Graduate work: Arctic – midlatitude climate variability (sea-ice changes) Recent work: using AI to detect patterns of climate variability/change Now at GFDL I am thinking about: detection and attribution of extreme events Hometown – Linglestown, Pennsylvania BSc – Atmospheric Science at Cornell University PhD – Earth System Science at UC Irvine Postdoc – climate variability using AI at Colorado State U. Postdoc – climate change and AI at Princeton/GFDL he/him

5. The signal (climate change) The noise (weather) MY RESEARCH DISENTANGLES

6. …using tools like artificial intelligence and climate models to understand global climate change The signal (climate change) The noise (weather) MY RESEARCH DISENTANGLES

7. …using tools like artificial intelligence and climate models to understand global climate change The signal (climate change) The noise (weather) MY RESEARCH DISENTANGLES

8. The Arctic.

10. Carbon Brief; Tom Prater, 2020

11. October-November – Relative to the years of 1951-1980 Our planet without change…

12. Climate model projection of summer sea ice through 2100

13. Substantial climate mitigation Moderate future emissions Expansion of fossil fuel emissions World without climate change Observed Arctic temperatures from 1950 to 2021 2020 2100 1930 Arctic Temperature… using a climate model from GFDL

14. Modeling vs. Field Work

15. R/V Lance – Greenland Sea – May 2017

16.

17. ”Cryo-copter”

18. stuck in the sea ice…

19.

20. snow pits

21. isbjørn

22. Crystal Polar Cruise, Aug. 2016 Is this effective communication?

23. Crystal Serenity Polar Cruise, Aug. 2016

24.

25. DATA VISUALIZATION IS STORY-TELLING. Arctic temperature anomalies from 1940 to 2022

26. DON’T BE SUCH A SCIENTIST WE ARE DATA SCIENTISTS ART BY JILL PELTO

27. Landscape of Change uses data about sea level rise, glacier volume decline, increasing global temperatures, and the increasing use of fossil fuels. These data lines compose a landscape shaped by the changing climate, a world in which we are now living. Jill Pelto|https://www.jillpelto.com/landscape-of-change “ ”

28. VISUALIZING GLOBAL TEMPERATUR E CHANGE

29.

30. PLOT BY ED HAWKINS

31. 2016 RIO OLYMPICS OPENING CEREMONY

32. PLOT BY ED HAWKINS

33. THE CLIMATE IS CHANGING IN REAL-TIME. Considering a global view of temperatures relative to average – placing weather in the context of climate

34. THIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE STORIES.

35. START A CONVERSATION.

36. [International Arctic Research Center [IARC; University of Alaska, Fairbanks]

37. My Dashboard

38. Crystal Polar Cruise, Aug. 2016 We need scientists. We need educators. We need innovators. We need communicators.