Human Organ transplantation is a surgical operation in which a failure or damaged organ in human body is removed and replaced with a functioning one. The donated organ may be from a deceased donor, a living donor or an animal.
Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine and thymus.
Tissues include bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins.
Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart.
2. Introduction
History of transplant
Types of transplants
1. Autograft
2. Allograft
3. Isograft
4. Xenograft
5. Split transplant
Major organs and tissues transplanted
Types of donors
Timeline of successful transplants
Transplant rejection
Immunosuppressive drugs
Conclusion
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3. DEFINITION :
• An organ transplant is a surgical operation in which a
failure or damaged organ in human body is removed and
replaced with a functioning one. The donated organ may be
from a deceased donor, a living donor or an animal.
• Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver,
lungs, pancreas, intestine and thymus.
• Tissues include bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves,
nerves and veins.
• Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted
organs, followed by the liver and then the heart.
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4. HISTORY
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SIR PETER MEDAWAR: Father of transplantation worked on graft
rejection and acquired immune tolerance in 1944 showed that skin
allograft between two mice are rejected.
ALEXIS CARREL: The noble prize in physiology or medicine 1912
was awarded to Alexis carrel in recognition of his work on vascular
suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.
BRUCE REITZ: On march 9th 1981 the first successful heart lung
transplant took place
DR.EDUARD ZIRM: The first successful human Corneal transplant
in Austria 1905.
6. Autograft is a transplant of tissue from one to
oneself. (examples include skin grafts, for CABG,
etc.) sometimes this is done to remove the tissue and
then treat it or the person before returning it.
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7. An allograft is transplant of an organ or tissue
between two genetically non identical
members of the same species. Most human
tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
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8. A sub set of allografts in which organs or tissues are
transplanted from a donor to a genetically identical
recipient(such as an identical twin). Isografts are
differentiated from other types of transplants
because while they are anatomically identical to
allografts, they do not trigger an immune
response.
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9. A transplant of organs or tissue from one species to
another. Xenograft is often an extremely dangerous type
of transplant because of increased risk of non-
compatibility, rejection, and disease carried in the tissue.
o Examples include porcine heart valves, which are quite
common and successful.
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10. Sometimes, a deceased-donor organ, usually a liver,
may be divided between two recipients, especially an
adult and a child. This is not usually a preferred option
because the transplantation of a whole organ is more
successful.
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11. CHEST:
Heart (deceased-donor only)
Lung (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Heart/Lung (deceased-donor and domino transplant)
ABDOMEN:
Kidney (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Liver (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Pancreas (deceased-donor only)
Intestine (deceased-donor and living-donor)
Stomach (deceased-donor only)
Testis (deceased-donor and living-donor) 11
12. TISSUES,CELLS AND FLUIDS:
Hand (deceased-donor only)
Cornea (deceased-donor only)
Skin (deceased-donor, living-donor and autograft)
Bone marrow (living-donor and autograft)
Heart valves (deceased-donor, living-donor and xenograft)
Bone (deceased-donor, living-donor and autograft)
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13. LIVING DONOR:
In living donors, the donor remains alive and donates a
renewable tissue, cell or fluid(Exp: skin, blood) or donates an
organ(Exp: single kidney donation, partial donation of liver, lung
lobe).
DECEASED DONOR:
Deceased donors are people who have been declared brain-
dead and whose organs are kept viable by ventilators or other
mechanical mechanism until they can be excised for
transplantation.
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14. 1908- First transplant of a knee
1909- First recorded kidney transplant, animal to human
1936- First human-to-human kidney transplant
1953- First successful surgery using heart-lung bypass
1954- First successful kidney transplant
1963- First successful lung transplant
1967- First successful liver transplant
1968- First successful heart transplant in the U.S
1973- First successful bone marrow transplant
1998- First successful hand transplant
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15. TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Hyperacute
Occurs minutes to hours after
transplantation
No treatment (organ must be removed)
Acute
Occurs days (one week) to month after
transplantation
T- cytotoxic lymphocytes attack to the
transplanted organ
Chronic
Occurs over months to years
Most common in lung transplants
SOME COMMON
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Pain at the site of the transplant
Feeling ill
Flu-like symptoms
Fever
Weight change
Swelling
Decreased urine output
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17. Organ transplant is a successive therapeutic option for
treatment of end stage organ disease. Success depends
on improved surgical techniques, immunosuppression,
organ preservation and follow-up.
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