Anesthesia What are the risks and complications of anesthesia? Stages of anesthesia types of Anesthesia : General ,local and Regional Anesthesia Drugs for Anesthesia

1. Anesthesia

2. Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a
surgery or procedure by using medicine
called anesthetics. It can help control your
breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and
heart rate and rhythm.

3. Anesthesia may be used to relax
you, block pain , make you sleepy
or forgetful and make you .
unconscious for your surgery.
Besides general anesthesia, other
forms of anesthesia may provide
only light sedation or use injections
to numb only a small area (local
anesthesia) or a larger region
(regional anesthesia) of your body.

4. What are the risks and complications
of anesthesia?
Major side effects and other problems
of anesthesia aren't common, especially
in people who are in good health.

5. But all anesthesia has some risk.
For example:
After general anesthesia heart problems,
pneumonia, sore throat, over vomiting can occur.
With high doses of local anesthesia, the
anesthetic can go into the rest of the body and
affect your brain or heart.
After spinal anesthesia some people
get headaches your risk depends on
the type of anesthesia

6. Some health problems, such
as heart or lung disease,
increase your chances of
problems from anesthesia.
Taking certain medicines,
smoking, drinking alcohol,
and using illegal drugs can
also increase your chance of
problems.

7. Stages of anesthesia

8. Stage 1 :
(Induction, aka voluntary
excitement)
is the period between the initial
administration of the induction
agents and loss of consciousness.
During this stage, the patient
progresses from analgesia without
amnesia to analgesia with amnesia.
Patients can carry on a
conversation at this time.

9. Stage 2 :
(delirium, involuntary excitement)
is the period following loss of
consciousness and marked by excited and
delirious activity. During this stage,
respirations and heart rate may become
irregular. In addition, there may be
uncontrolled movements, vomiting, breath
holding, and papillary dilation.

10. Since the combination of spastic movements,
vomiting, and irregular respirations may lead to
airway compromise, rapidly acting drugs are used to
minimize time in this stage and reach stage 3 as fast as
possible.

11. "surgical anesthesia":Stage 3
During this stage, the skeletal muscles relax, vomiting
stops, and respiratory depression occurs .
Eye movements slow, then stop, the patient is
unconscious and ready for surgery.
It has been divided into 4 planes:
-eyes initially rolling, then becoming fixed
-loss of corneal and laryngeal reflexes
-pupils dilate and loss of light reflex
-intercostals paralysis, shallow abdominal respiration

12. Stage 4 : "overdose“
Is the stage where too much medication has
been given relative to the amount of surgical
stimulation and the patient has severe brain
stem or medullary depression. This results in a
cessation of respiration and potential
cardiovascular collapse. This stage is lethal
without cardiovascular and respiratory support.

13. Types of Anesthesia
-General Anesthesia
-Regional Anesthesia
-Local Anesthesia

14. General Anesthesia :
General anesthesia acts primarily on the
brain and central nervous system to make
the patient unconscious and unaware.

15. It is administered via the patient's
circulatory system by a combination of
inhaled gas and injected drugs.
After the initial injection, anesthesia is
maintained with inhaled gas anesthetics
and additional drugs through an
intravenous line (IV) .

16. Local Anesthesia :
is medicine given to temporarily stop the sense
of pain in a particular area of the body. A patient
remains conscious during a local anesthetic. For
minor surgery, a local anesthetic can be
administered via injection to the site..

17. However, when a large area needs to
be numbed, or if a local anesthetic
injection will not penetrate deep
enough, physicians may resort to
regional anesthetics

18. Regional Anesthesia :
involves injection of a local
anesthetic (numbing agent) around
major nerves or the spinal cord to
block pain from a larger but still
limited part of the body. You will
likely receive medicine to help you
relax or sleep during surgery. Major
types of regional anesthesia include:

19. Spinal :
often used for lower abdominal, pelvic,
rectal, or lower extremity surgery. This type
of anesthetic involves injecting a single dose
of the anesthetic agent directly into the
spinal cord in the lower back, causing
numbness in the lower body.

20. Epidural, and caudal anesthesia:
this anesthetic is similar to a spinal
anesthetic and also is commonly used for
surgery of the lower limbs and during
labor and childbirth.

21. This type of anesthesia involves
continually infusing drugs through a
thin catheter that has been placed into
the space that surrounds the spinal cord
in the lower back, causing numbness in
the lower body.

22. Nerve blocks :
A local anesthetic is injected near a specific
nerve or group of nerves to block pain from
the area of the body supplied by the nerve.

23. Nerve blocks are most commonly used for
procedures on the hands, arms, feet, legs, or
face. Example - a Brachial Plexus block may be
used by your anesthesiologist to provide
anesthesia to your entire arm and shoulder.

24. Drugs for General Anesthesia
Atracurium :
is a neuromuscular-blocking agent, used
as an adjuvant in anesthesia. This
medication provides relaxation of skeletal
muscles during surgery.

25. Cisatracurium Besylate :
is a neuromuscular blocking agent, used as an
adjunct to general anesthesia .
Desflurane :
is a general anesthetic, prescribed for
induction of anesthesia during surgery.

26. Enflurane :
is a structural isomer of isoflurane, prescribed for
induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
Halothane :
is an inhalational general anesthetic, prescribed for
the induction and maintenance of general
anesthesia

27. Ketamine :
is a hydrochloride salt, used as an anesthetic.
Hyoscyamine :
is an anticholinergic agent, used as pain killer (Belladonna
alkaloid). It blocks cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during
anesthesia induction and intubation, used to relax muscles.

28. Methohexital :
is a barbiturate anesthetic, prescribed for inducing anesthesia before
surgery.
Propofol :
is a general anesthetic, prescribed for induction and maintenance of
general anaesthesia

29. Rapacuronium :
is a neuromuscular blocker, prescribed as an adjunct
to general anesthesia to facilitate tracheal
intubations.
Rocuronium :
is a neuromuscular blocker, prescribed as an adjunct
to general anesthesia for muscle relaxation and to
provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or
external breathing.

30. Sevoflurane :
is a halogenated hydrocarbon, acts as a general
anesthetic during surgery either alone or combined
with other medications. It is given by inhalation. This
helps to produce more effective anesthesia in some
patients.
Succinylcholine :
is a depolarizing muscle relaxant, used for induction
and maintenance of general anesthesia

31. Drugs for Local Anesthesia
Articane HCl and Epinephrine:
Injection is a local dental anesthetic, used as an
anesthesia for dental procedures.

32. Benzocaine :
is a local anesthetic used to treat painful conditions such as
mouth ulcers, sore throat, before inserting instruments into
the rectum or vagina for examination.
Bupivacaine:
is a local anesthetic, used for surgery and for obstetrical
procedures.

33. Lidocaine:
is a local anesthetic, indicated for
local or regional anesthesia.
Lidocaine and Prilocaine :
is a dermal anesthesia, prescribed for tingling,
pricking or numbness of a person's skin.

34. Mepivacaine:
is a local anesthetic, prescribed for inducing local or regional
analgesia and anesthesia during surgical procedures, labor, or
delivery.
Oxethazaine :
is a potent local anesthetic, prescribed for rapid and effective
relief in gastritis, esophagitis, hiatus hernia, heartburn of
pregnancy and peptic ulcer.

35. Bupivacaine :
is a local anesthetic, used for surgery and for
obstetrical procedures.
Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia

36. Article Sources
http://www.webmd.com
http://www.mayoclinic.org
http://www.ahc.umn.edu
http://www.medindia.net
http://fgtba.com

37. Thank you