This is a psychology presentation but can also help students of Biology. It mainly deals with parts of brain and their functions.

2. Brain, Its Structure and
Functions

3. The Brain

4. General
Overview of
Brain
The brain is the command center for the
entire body. It makes us who we are.
It receives information from our senses
and controls our thoughts and
movement.
Scientists have divided it into two parts
and regions.
The largest part is a cerebrum which is
divided into two sides called
hemispheres just like the earth.

5. General
Overview of
Brain
The outer layer is known as the cortex which is
Latin for bark like a tree's bark, the surface is
only 1/8-inch-thick but it also contains millions
of cells with fibers that send messages to
other brain areas.
More than two-thirds of the cortex hides and
hundreds of little folds that make the wiggly
visible lines on the brain.
Animals that are less intelligent have a smooth
brain surface.

6. General
Overview of
Brain
The brain is divided into two halves
the right half and the left half and
both these halves are connected to
each other by a bundle of nerve
fibers called the corpus callosum.
It looks like a walnut. A walnut is a
brain boosting nut, which when
eaten regularly helps to increase
memory part of the brain.

7. General
Overview of
Brain
Our brain has wrinkles on its exterior
surface and this wrinkly part is called as
the cerebrum.
The wrinkles are formed to increase the
surface area of brain tissue, so more the
surface area, more the number of
neurons in the nervous tissue and more
the neurons more intelligent an
individual is.

8. Parts of Brain
• The Brain has three major
parts:
• Forebrain
• Midbrain
• Hindbrain

9. The
Forebrain
Alternative Title:
Prosencephalon

10. Forebrain
• The forebrain is the largest and most important part of the brain.
• Its many neutral pathways connect with structures in the midbrain and hindbrain
to coordinate brain activity.
• Together with other structures, the forebrain regulates complex cognitive
processes such as learning, memory and perception, as well as various aspects of
emotion and personality.

11. Parts of
Forebrain
• There are three main parts of Forebrain:
• The Cerebrum
• The Thalamus
• The Hypothalamus

12. The Cerebrum
• The cerebrum occupies most of the Forebrain,
and is above and in front of the cerebellum.
• The cerebrum consists of the outer cerebral
cortex and masses of neural tissue where
neurons receive and process incoming and
outgoing information.
• The cerebrum and it's outer cortex are primarily
responsible for almost everything we
consciously think feel and do.

13. The Cerebrum
• The cerebrum and cerebral cortex is divided into
two cerebral hemispheres, one on the left and
one the right.
• Between the two halves there is a narrow gap
that runs from the front to the back, called the
longitudinal fissure.
• Both cerebral hemispheres are still connected by
the corpus callosum, which allows information
exchange between the two hemispheres.

14. The Thalamus
• The Thalamus filters information from almost
all sense receptor sites (except the nose), then
passes it to relevant areas of the brain for further
processing.
• Basically, sense organs e.g eyes send
information to the Thalamus, which sends that
information to the correct part of the brain to be
interpreted.

15. The Thalamus
• The Thalamus constantly filters the large
amount of important information coming from
sensory receptors, and therefore must choose
more important information to be interpreted by
the brain.
• For example; If you are in danger, good hearing
would probably be interpreted as more
important than the taste in your mouth, and
therefore the Thalamus would put emphasis on
interpreting information from the ears rather
than the tongue.

16. The
Hypothalamus
• The Hypothalamus has a vital role in
maintaining the body's internal environment
(homeostasis) and takes in many aspects of our
behavior.
• The main functions of the Hypothalamus
include regulating the release of hormones from
various glands in the body and influencing
behaviours associated with basic biological
needs, such as hunger, thirst and sleep.
• It's also involved in emotions such as anger and
fear, being part of the limbic system.

17. The
Midbrain
Alternative Title:
Mesencephalon

18. The Midbrain
• The Midbrain is the central part of the brain, and is about 2.5 cm long.
• The Midbrain is a collection of structures involved with movement, sleep and
arousal , as well as visual, auditory and tactile (touch based) sensory information.
• It's neural pathways connect upper and lower brain areas.

19. The Midbrain
• The Midbrain receives a lot of information from the eyes and ears and uses it to
help produce orienting movements.
• For example: If you hear a car advancing towards you, the sound will register in
the midbrain which will trigger muscles in your neck and eyes so that you turn
your head and look in the direction of the sound.

20. Structure
of
Midbrain
• A number of the structures are located in
the mesencephalan including the tectum,
tegmentum, cerebral peduncle, substantia
nigra, crus berebri, and cranial nerves
(Oculomotor and trochlear).
• The tectum consist of rounded bulges called
colliculi that are involved in vision and
hearing processes.
• The cerebral peduncle is a bundle of nerve
fibers that connect the Forebrain and
Hindbrain.
• The substantia nigra has nerve connections
with the frontal lobes and other areas of the
brain involved in motor function.

21. Functions of
Midbrain
Each moment your midbrain is
allowing you to balance and
coordinate your movement in the
world.
It sits right between you Forebrain
and Hindbrain. And it's the center
of your visual and auditory reflexes.
The busy little Midbrain even plays
roles in our sleep/wake cycle,
alertness and temperature
regulation.

22. Functions of
Midbrain
• Not only this, but it also control and regulates
your dopamine production. As your body's
motivation chemical, this controls our attention,
habits and behavior, as well as playing a major
role in our mood, movement and memory.

23. The
Tegmentum
and Cerebral
Peduncle
The tegmentum communicates with the
cerebellum in the hindbrain with the help of
the cerebral peduncle.
You can find these right at the top of the
brain stem.
Apart from being fun to say (penduncle) the
main role of the part of the brain is to carry
it's precious cargo of motor signals between
the Brain stem and higher brain.

24. The Tectum
and Corpora
Quadrigemina:
• The tectum has four divisions known as the
corpora quadrigemina. These are located on the
back of your brain stem. Together they are your
brain's visual and auditory reflexes.
• Thus, this is the reflex integration center of your
brain. Here, eye and ear signals come together,
and head and eye movements are also
controlled.
• Whenever you hear a sudden flush of light or a
startling sound, the corpora quadrigemina bolts
into action.

25. The Hindbrain
Alternative Title: Rhombencephalon

26. The
Hindbrain
The hindbrain is the well-protected central core of the brain.
It includes the cerebellum, reticular formation, and brain
stem, which are responsible for some of the most basic
autonomic functions of life, such as breathing and
movement.
The brain stem contains the pons and medulla oblongata.
Evolutionarily speaking, the hindbrain contains the oldest
parts of the brain, which all vertebrates possess, though they
may look different from species to species.

27. Structure of
Hindbrain
• It has three parts:
• Medulla Oblongata
• Pons
• Cerebellum

28. Medulla
Oblongata
The medulla oblongata sits at
the transition zone between
the brain and the spinal cord.
It is the first region that
formally belongs to the brain
(rather than the spinal cord).
It is the control center for
respiratory, cardiovascular, and
digestive functions.

29. Pons
• The pons connects the medulla oblongata with the midbrain region, and also
relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum.
• It houses the control centers for respiration and inhibitory functions.
• The cerebellum is attached to the dorsal side of the pons.

30. Cerebellum
• The cerebellum is a separate region of the
brain located behind the medulla oblongata and
pons.
• It is attached to the rest of the brain by three
stalks (called pedunculi), and coordinates
skeletal muscles to produce smooth, graceful
motions.
• The cerebellum receives information from our
eyes, ears, muscles, and joints about the body’s
current positioning (referred to as
proprioception).

31. Cerebellum
• It also receives output from the
cerebral cortex about where these
body parts should be.
• After processing this information,
the cerebellum sends motor impulses
from the brain stem to the skeletal
muscles so that they can move.

32. Cerebellum
• The main function of the cerebellum is this
muscle coordination. However, it is also
responsible for balance and posture, and it
assists us when we are learning a new motor
skill, such as playing a sport or musical
instrument.
• Recent research shows that apart from motor
functions the cerebellum also has some role in
emotional sensitivity.

33. Functions of
Hindbrain
Your hindbrain functions as your
ancient ally.
Ever since you were a baby, it’s been
mapping your world, helping you
make sense of everything.
It was your spine that was first to
develop, shortly followed by the
hindbrain. After that, your midbrain
and forebrain began to form.

34. Functions of
Hindbrain
Getting its name for the Latin word for ‘bridge’, your
hindbrain connects the spine to the higher brain.
It’s a coordination hub sending and receiving signals
between the two.
Also located here is the medulla oblongata, which is
the control center for the heart and lungs. It’s
responsible for functions such as heart rate, blood
pressure, breathing, swallowing and sneezing.