Diabetes is a disease that affects your body's ability to produce or use insulin. Insulin is a hormone. When your body turns the food you eat into energy (also called sugar or glucose), insulin is released to help transport this energy to the cells. ... There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 .

1. PRESENTED BY ZUHAIB AKHTAR BALOCH
5TH SEMESTER PHARM-D STUDENT
UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN SUB CAMPUS
MASTUNG

2. •DIABETES MELLITUS (DM), COMMONLY REFERRED TO
AS DIABETES, IS A GROUP OF METABOLIC DISORDERS IN
WHICH THERE ARE HIGH BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS OVER A
PROLONGED PERIOD .
DIABETES IS A DISEASE IN WHICH YOUR BLOOD
GLUCOSE, OR BLOOD SUGAR, LEVELS ARE TOO HIGH.
GLUCOSE COMES FROM THE FOODS YOU EAT. INSULIN IS
A HORMONE THAT HELPS THE GLUCOSE GET INTO YOUR
CELLS TO GIVE THEM ENERGY BUT IN DIBETIES GLUCOSE
DOESN’T GET TRAPPED BY YOUR BODY CELLS .
DIABETES IS A CHRONIC DISEASE THAT OCCURS WHEN
THE PANCREASIS NO LONGER ABLE TO MAKEINSULIN, OR
WHEN THE BODY CANNOT MAKE GOOD USE OF THE
INSULIN IT PRODUCES.
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4.  Increased thirst and frequent urination.Excess sugar building up in your
bloodstream causes fluid to be pulled from the tissues. This may leave you
thirsty. As a result, you may drink — and urinate — more than usual.
 Increased hunger. Without enough insulin to move sugar into your cells, your
muscles and organs become depleted of energy. This triggers intense hunger.
 Weight loss. Despite eating more than usual to relieve hunger, you may lose
weight. Without the ability to metabolize glucose, the body uses alternative
fuels stored in muscle and fat. Calories are lost as excess glucose is released
in the urine.
 Fatigue. If your cells are deprived of sugar, you may become tired and
irritable.
 Blurred vision. If your blood sugar is too high, fluid may be pulled from the
lenses of your eyes. This may affect your ability to focus.
 Slow-healing sores or frequent infections. Type 2 diabetes affects your ability
to heal and resist infections.
 Areas of darkened skin. Some people with type 2 diabetes have patches of
dark, velvety skin in the folds and creases of their bodies — usually in the
armpits and neck. This condition, called acanthosis nigricans, may be a sign
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5. Diabeties
type 2
Diabeties
type 1

6. 1. There are three main types of diabetes :
 Type 1 diabetes used to be called juvenile-onset diabetes. It is usually caused by an
auto-immune reaction where the body’s defence system attacks the cells that
produce insulin. The reason this occurs is not fully understood. People with type 1
diabetes produce very little or no insulin. The disease may affect people of any
age, but usually develops in children or young adults. People with this form of
diabetes need injections of insulin every day in order to control the levels of
glucose in their blood. If people with type 1 diabetes do not have access to insulin,
they will die.
 Type 2 diabetes used to be called non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult-onset
diabetes, and accounts for at least 90% of all cases of diabetes. It is characterised
by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, either or both of which may be
present at the time diabetes is diagnosed. The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes can
occur at any age. Type 2 diabetes may remain undetected for many years and the
diagnosis is often made when a complication appears or a routine blood or urine
glucose test is done. It is often, but not always, associated with overweight or
obesity, which itself can cause insulin resistance and lead to high blood glucose
levels. People with type 2 diabetes can often initially manage their condition
through exercise and diet. However, over time most people will require oral drugs

7. happens when your immune system destroys cells
in your pancreas called beta cells. They’re the ones that make insulin
 Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by
destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Although a wealth
of information is available, the etiology of type 1 diabetes is still
incompletely understood and this is certainly an important factor
explaining the lack of effective treatments. However, progress in
understanding the pathogenesis of this disease continues, both in
animal models and in humans. von Herrath and colleagues are
recognized leaders in the field, and their review offers an interesting
perspective of current research, designing plausible scenarios that
help in conceptualizing the intricate complexity of pathogenetic
mechanisms underlying type 1 diabetes .
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8.  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the β-cells
of the pancreas do not produce sufficient insulin, a hormone
which helps use blood sugar (glucose) for energy. The cells
become starved of energy and there will be excess of glucose
in the blood. This is then followed by life threatening
conditions of hypoglycemia, low blood sugar, and
hyperglycemia, high blood sugar. When hypoglycemia
develops, cells do not get enough glucose and patients suffer
of confusion, loss of consciousness, and coma. Even death can
results when the brain is deprived of glucose for too long.
 Hyperglycemia and prolonged absence of insulin may lead to
ketoacidosis, which is accumulation of ketones in the blood
when the body uses fat for energy instead of glucose. This is
because fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose at steady
state. Ketones make the blood acidic and slow down all body
functions. This also leads to a coma and eventually death
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12. Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes:
 Taking insulin
1. Short-acting (regular) insulin
2. Rapid-acting insulin
3. Intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin
4. Long-acting insulin
 Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
 Frequent blood sugar monitoring
 Eating healthy foods
 Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight
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13.  Type 2 diabetes, once known as adult-onset or noninsulin-
dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition that affects the
way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose), your body's
important source of fuel.
 With type 2 diabetes, your body either resists the effects
of insulin — a hormone that regulates the movement of
sugar into your cells — or doesn't produce enough insulin
to maintain a normal glucose level.
 More common in adults, type 2 diabetes increasingly
affects children as childhood obesity increases. There's no
cure for type 2 diabetes, but you may be able to manage
the condition by eating well, exercising and maintaining a
healthy weight. If diet and exercise aren't enough to
manage your blood sugar well, you also may need
diabetes medications or insulin therapy 13

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17.  Management of type 2 diabetes includes:
 Healthy eating
 Regular exercise
 Possibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy
 Blood sugar monitoring
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