3. INTRODUCTION
According to section 304B Dowry Death, where the death of a
woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs
otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years
of her marriage and it is shown that soon before her death she
was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or any
relative of her husband for, or in connection with, any demand
for dowry, such death shall be called “Dowry Death”, and such
husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death.
Dowry is defined under Section 2 of the Dowry Prohibition Act,
1961 `dowry’ means any property or valuable security given or
agreed to be given either directly or indirectly-
(a) by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage;
or
(b) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other
person, to either party to the marriage or to any other person;
at or before or any time after the marriage in connection with the
marriage of said parties but does not include dower or mahr in
the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat)
applies.
4. Dowry (Ancient Scenario)
The ancient marriage rites in the vedic period are associated
with “kanyadan”.
It is laid down in Dharmashastra that the meritorious act of
kanyadan is not complete till the bridegroom was given a
dakshina. So when a bride is given over to the bridegroom,
he has to be given something in cash or kind which constitute
Varadakshina.
Thus kanyadan became associated with varadakshina i.e the
cash or gifts in kind by the parents or guardian of the bride to
the bridegroom.
The varadakshina was offered out of affection and did not
constitute any kind of compulsion or consideration for the
marriage. It was a voluntary practice without any coercive
overtones.
5. Dowry (Present Scenario)
Today dowry has become a widespread evil and social
menace and biggest problem faced by women.
Marriage is becoming a big source of exploitation and of
getting rich overnight in some communities.
The spread of education has not helped in curbing the social
evil of dowry. The, more highly educated is the young man,
higher are the demands for the dowry.
The dowry system is one of the primary cause of female
infanticide and foeticide in India. Domestic violence is
another consequences of this evil.
Indian Parliament enacted the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961,
to minimize the evil effects of dowry. The object of Act is to
prohibit the giving and taking of dowry.
6. Essentials of Dowry Death (Sec
304B)
The death of a woman should be caused by burns or bodily
injury or otherwise than under normal circumstances.
Such a death should have occurred within seven years of her
marriage.
She must have been subjected to cruelty or harassment by her
husband or by any relative of her husband.
Such cruelty or harassment should be for, or in connection
with the demand for dowry
Such cruelty or harassment is shown to have been meted out
to the woman soon before her death.
7. Dowry related offences under IPC
There are four situations when a married woman is subjected
to cruelty and harassment leading to the commission:
1) Cruelty of woman by husband or relatives. Sec 498A, IPC
2) Dowry Death 304B, IPC-
3) Intentional Death of woman- 302, IPC
4) Abatement of suicide of woman- 306, IPC
8. Cruelty
Section 498A of Indian Penal Code deals with the offence of
cruelty. Cruelty means any wilful conduct which is of such a
nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to
cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health, whether
mental or physical, of the woman; or
Harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a
view to coercing her, or any person related to her, to meet
any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security
or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her
to meet such demand.
9. Pawan Kumar V State of
Haryana (1998)
It is proved when demand for scooter and fridge, made soon
after the marriage by the husband and his relatives. The
deceased’s failure to meet the demand leading to repeated
taunts and maltreatment. Quarrel taking place between
husband and deceased, regretting that it would be difficult to
see her face in future are clear proof of cruelty and
maltreatment by her husband and family members.
The accused was held liable under section 304B, IPC
10. Dowry offences and Trial
Dowry offences are:
Not cognizable; they are cognizable for the purpose of investigation.
Non- compoundable offences
Non- bailable
Cognizance of a dowry is taken up by
The magistrate himself or on the basis of FIR,
OR
Complained lodged by:
A parent
Other relation of such person
Recognized welfare institute or Organization.
Complaint can be made at anytime after the commission of the offence,
but if it is done after considerable delay the court may not entertain it
if no reasonable explanation for the delay is given.
11. Ashok Kumar V State of Haryana
(2010)
In this case, the deceased and Ashok kumar (appellant) were
married for 2 years. The father of the girl had given sufficient
dowry at the time of her marriage according to his mean,
desire and capacity but the mother in law and brother in law
of her were not satisfied so they allegedly harassed and
maltreated the deceased and used to give her beatings. They
had demanded various things like refrigerator, television etc.
one week prior to the incident the deceased came to the
house of her father and narrated them the whole scenario.
She mentioned that her husband wanted to set up a new
business for which he required sum of rupees 5000. the father
could not arrange for the same due to which her mother in
law and brother in law burnt the deceased by sprinkling
kerosene oil as the result of which the deceased died.
12. Ashok Kumar V State of Haryana
(2010)
Ashok kumar (husband), mother in law and brother in law
were found guilty of an offence punishable under section
304B of the code and sentenced the accused to undergo
rigorous imprisonment for 10 years and to pay a fine of Rs
1000.
While upholding the conviction, the apex court held that
since the accused is a young person of 48 years, keeping in
view the facts and circumstances of the case the court
awarded seven years of rigorous imprisonment.
13. Venugopal V State of Karnataka
(1999) 2 SCC 216
The appellant husband was held liable for dowry
death under section 304 B, IPC for creating a
situation whereby the wife committed suicide
within two years of marriage.
Constant demand of dowry leading to ill
treatment, harassment and torture of the wife at
the hands of the husband soon before her death,
led her to take the extreme death of ending life.
14. Punishment
According to Section 304B, IPC whoever commits
dowry death shall be punished with imprisonment for a
term which shall not be less than seven years but which
may extend to imprisonment for life.
15. Conclusion
Despite protest by women’s organizations, serious activism,
legal amendments, special police cells for women, media
support and heightened awareness of dowry being a crime,
the practice continues unabated on a massive scale.
Despite every stigma, dowry continues to be the signature of
marriage.
It is an accepted fact dowry is not an easy problem to be
eliminated. However such a social menace can be combated
with effective strategic measures that would protect the
dowry of the Indian bride and would allow such dowry to be
treated as her exclusive property.
