Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals and microorganisms. The document discusses biodiversity at the global, national and local levels. It also outlines several threats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species, overexploitation, and poaching. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through both in-situ and ex-situ methods.

1. Submitted to:-Dr. Sunil Kumar sir
Submitted by:-Ayushi karna
B.A.(hons)Applied Psychology
2nd semester
Environmental
Studies
Amity university Rajasthan

2. VALUES
OF
BIODIVERSITY

3. Biodiversity
Bio means “life” and diversity means “variety”.
-The existence of a number of different kinds of animals and
plants which together make a good and healthy environment.
- The Amount of diversity between different plants,animals
and other species in a given habitat at a particular time.
-The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in
1986.

4. Values of biodiversity
Consumption values
Social values
Production Values
Ethical Values
Aesthetic Values
Option Values

5. Consumptive Values
The value of Nature’s product that are consumed
directly such as a firewood’s ,fodder and meat.
In other words , the product which are consumed
directly without passing through the market.
Consumptive use value seldom appear in National
income accounts.

6. Consumptive Use
The most important point of consumptive use is that some
rural communities closest to the forests or other natural
areas can prosper through the sustainable harvesting of
wildlife species.
Hunting, direct-consumption (e.g. collection of berries,
mushrooms, herbs, plants) are all "consumptive uses“.

7. Social Value
Biodiversity in INDIA, particularly,is
important for its religious, spiritual and
other cultural uses.
Many plants and animals have ritual
significance.
The entire ecosystem is utilized for cultural
and spiritual purposes.

8. SOME EXAMPLES
• Among auspicious flowers offered in temples are
Hibiscus to the Goddess mainly in Bengal.
• Datura flowers to Lord Shiva.
• Gujarat Shami (Prosopis Spicigera) is used in
sacrificial fires.
• Sacred value was attached to patches of forest
believed to be adobe of Gods and ancestors and
utilized only for prayers and related rituals.
• A network or such groves is still in evidence in some
parts of India.

9. Productive Values
Many of the forest products are precious hence
they are exploited to the maximum.
The products which are got from the forests and
directly merchandised come under the
productive value.
Elephant tusks - used in show pieces
Tiger bones and testis - Chinese medicine
Skins of tigers, red panda, cheetah and snakes.

10. Productive Use
Products such as animal skins, ivory, medicinal
plants, honey, bee-wax, fibber's, gums, etc,

11. PESTICIDE:
The Calabar beans are used as pesticide
to kill insects.
MATERIAL:
Pyrethrum
Used in mosquito coils and lice killing shampoo
MEDICINE:
Neem used in anti bacterial an anti fungal
creams, soups, shampoo, etc.

12. Ethical Value
• Although economic arguments can be advanced to
justify the protection of biological diversity, there
are also strong ethical arguments for doing so.
• Protecting biological diversity can be justified on
ethical grounds as well as on economic grounds.
• Ethical arguments assert that humans have a duty
to protect species based on their intrinsic value,
unrelated to human needs.

13. • People do not have the rights to destroy species and
should take action to prevent their extinction.
• The toss of one species have far-reaching
consequences to biological community and human
society.
• People must learn to live within the ecological constraints of the planet.
• Must Learn to minimize the environmental damage
and take responsibility for their action.
• People also have responsibility to future
generations of humans to keep the Earth in good
condition.

14. Aesthetic Value
 Regardless of our own material self-interest , we
should treat nature respectfully.
 Enlightened self interest, arguing that preserving
biodiversity and developing our knowledge of it will
make us better and happier people.
 Nearly everyone enjoys wildlife and joy makes our
lives good lives.
 A loss of biodiversity could very well limit the
creative energies of people in the future and thus
restrict the development.

15. SOME EXAMPLES:
 The beauty of wildflowers in Glacier National
Park.
 Hiking , canoeing and mountain climbing are
physically intellectually and emotionally
satisfying.
 People spend tens of billions of dollars annually in
these pursuits, proof enough of their value.

17. Option Value
o The intangible Values of biodiversity .
o That is keeping options for the future and simply
knowing that certain species exist .
o A species potential to provide an economic benefit
to human society at some point in the future is its
option value.
o As the needs of the society change , so must the
methods of satisfying those needs.
o The option value of species could be only recently
utilized by human beings.

18. SOME EXAMPLES:
• Health agencies and pharmaceutical companies
are making a major effort to collect and screen
species for compounds that have the ability to
fight cancer.
• In some cases well known species have been
found to have exactly those properties needed to
deal with a significant human problem.

19. Biodiversity at Global, National and Local
Level

20. Global level
-This includes the study of biodiversity at world
level, Biosphere of globe has about 30 million
species, out of which only 144 millions have been
named. Species found in remote areas where man
could not reach have not been studied.
-Biodiversity is governed by distance from equator,
latitude and longitude of a place.

21. In general the Global Biodiversity is classified in the following regions:-
Oriental Regions:-This includes India, Myanmar, Sri-Lanka, Java-Bali and
some parts in China. Its mostly covered by monsoon climate.
Important animals are:-Crocodile, snakes, tortoise, elephant, Rhesus
Monkey, tigers, squirrel, fishes, Nilgai, Bear.
Ethiopian Region:-It includes Africa and Madagascar.
Important animals are:Wolf, Flying lizard, Snakes, gorilla,Zebra, King Fisher,
Vulture & Chimpanzee.

22. (C) Australian Region: - It includes Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand. Important animals are anteater, sphenodon,
kangaroo, owl and pigeon with crown.
(D) Neotropical Region: - It includes Mexico Greenland
South America, Central America South Mexico West Indies:
Important animals are: Guinea Pig, Anteater, Armadillo and
Vampire Bat.
(E) Nearctic Region : - This includes Mexico green land.
Important animals are:- Armadillo, flying squirrel, wild
goat, Antelope, swan, Vulture, Rattle Snake, coral Snake,
Parrot a Pit viper.

23. Tropical rain forest parts of the globe have rich biodiversity. In
1983 international. union of biological. science organised a
programme "Decade of tropics". In this programme a seminar
was held on "Species diversity a its significance" In1988 a work
shop was organized at Washington (USA) on "Ecosystem Functions
of the biological diversity" .In1991 one more work shop was
organized on the topic "From genes to Ecosystem, a reserve
agenda for biodiversity" .At Amsterdam International Union of
Biological Science(IUBS) organized a symposium on "Biological
diversity Et global Change".
- First Earth summit was organized at Rio de Janeiro Brazil in
1992 in which 168 countries including India participated. All
these counties signed the agenda regarding Biodiversitv
I
conservation. Thus efforts to conserve biodiversity at global
level, which were started in 1983, continue even today.

24. National Level
- This biodiversity is a part of global biodiversity but
it has political boundaries Amazon, Malaysia basin,
Congo basin and Indonesia and Malaysia are the
areas of rich national biodiversity.
- Monsoon countries are also rich countries of
national biodiversity but biodiversity of India, China
and Indochina are different. India is a developing
country and occupies tenth rank amongst the
industrial countries of the world. Here Agriculture
animal husbandry, fishery forest education and
cultivation of medicinal plants are given due weight
age.

25.  Cultural diversity and indigenous system of medicine
are helpful to maintain biodiversity .Biodiversity of
India is changeable due to different geology, Latitude
longitude & climate of different states of this nation.
 Geographical area of India is 320 million hectares out
of which 7000 km is occupied by sea coast. Climate of
India has huge range from hot climate of desert to cold
climate of Himalayas.
 The average rainfall of the desert is 10 cm per year
while that of Cherapunji is 500 cm per year.
 The area of India is 2% of the global area but 5% of the
plants and animals are found in this nation.
 India has 45000 species of plants and 68371 species of
animals.

26. Some important crop plants of the world which have
originated in India and have got naturalized in the world are:
1. Rice
5. Plantain
2. Sugar Cane
6. Lemon
3. Jute 7. Bajra
4. Mango 8. Jawar

27. At national level the following organization are working in India to
protect biodiversity:-
I. Council Of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
II. Botanical Survey of India
III. Zoological Survey of India
IV. G.B. plant Institute of Himalaya Environment and Development.
V. Indian Council of Agriculture Research , New Delhi

28. Local Biodiversity
 Living plants and animals of a particular locality are
included Under Local biodiversity WCAL biodiversity.
Under different climate condition it is different. Thus
vegetation and animals of Thar Desert are different from
those of Himalayan Region.
 Sunderban and Andaman are well known for mangrove
vegetation. Mangrove plants show
germination of seed on parent plants, itself so that
several baby plants are seen attached to parent tree. This
is a thrilling sight.
 Thus biodiversity at global level, national level and local
level is different. The differences are due to different
geographical conditions and different climate.

29. Conservationof
Biodiversity
 The convention on biological diversity held in June,1992 stressed the need
of conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable development and
perpetuation of human being in Earth.
 Conservation is known as “the management of human use of biosphere so
that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present generation
while maintain in gits potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the
future generation.”
 The 2 basic approaches to Wildlife Conservation in protected habitats are:-
1. In-Situ conservation
2. Ex-Situ Conservation

30. In-Situ Conservation:
(Protected Area, National parks, Sancturies, Bio-Sphere Reserves, Scared
Forest & Lakes)
• It is a process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its
natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning of habitat it self or by
defending of the species from predators.
• In-Situ conservation is one of situ conservation or the conservation of
genetic resources in natural population plant or animal species such as
forest genetic resources in natural population of tree species.
• It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agro forestry by
farmers, especially those used unconventional farming practice.In-situ used
unconventional farming practice.In-situ conservation done by declaring
area.

31. Ex-situ conservation
 Ex-Situ Conservation is the preservation of components of
biological diversity outside their natural habitat.
 This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as
wild and cultivated or species, draws on a diverse body of
techniques and facilities.
 Such strategy include establishment of botanical gardens,
zoos, conservational strands and gene, pollen seed, seedling,
tissue culture and DNA banks.

32.  Seed Banks:
These are cooled storages where seeds are kept under controlled and humidity
for storages and this is easy way to store germ plasma of plant at low
temperature. Seed preserve under controlled condition(minus
temperature)remain viable long duration of time.
 Gene banking:
GeneticVariability also is preserved by gene bank under normal growing
conditions.These are cooled storages where germ plasm are kept under
controlled temperature and humidity for storage;This is an important way of
preserving.
 Cryopreservation:
This is the newest application of technology for preservation of biotic parts.This
type of conservation is done by at low temperature(-196)in liquid nitrogen.The
metabolic activity of organism are suspended under low temperature, which are
later used to research purpose.

33. ThreatstoBiodiversity

34. Habitat Destruction:-
It is the complete elimination of localized or regional ecosystem
leading to the total loss of its former biological function. It is caused
by mining, dam construction, Commercial fishing, forestry.
Habitat fragmentation:-
It occurs when remaining population are isolated because the links
between habitat patches have been destroyed. It is the process
where by a large, continuous area of habitat is both reduced in area
and divided into more fragments.

35. Invasion By exotic Species:-
Prominent examples are the spread of the Peruvian thorny Prosopis jiliflorian in
the dry parts of the northern India where it replaced native species such as
Acacia nilotica and the spread of the south American flowering bush Lantana
camara in the sub-Himalayan belt.
A fish native toTexas , eliminated by hybridization with introduced mosquito
fish.

36. Genetic Pollution:-
o It occurs by uncontrolled hybridization.
o It is deterimental to rare species that comes into contact with more
abundant ones.
o Abundant species immediately colonize the new area, vanishing the rare
species.
o Alters the genetic pool, which is an irreversible change.

37. Pollution-
Over-exploitation:-
 Mangroves have been cleared for fuel wood.
 Prawn farming, which has led to a decrease in the habitat essential
for breeding of marine fish.
 Its causes are:-
 Frequent uncontrolled ground fires.
 Frequent boating and diving in coral reef area typically degrade
the community as fragile species are crushed by divers’s flippers,
boat hulls and anchors.
 The general effects of pollution on water quality, air quality,
global climate having great concern to the biological threats.

38. Pictures of Over-exploitation

39. Pesticide Pollution:-
The danger of pesticides were brought to the world’s attention in 1962 by
Rachel Carston’s influential book “Silent Spring”.
Effects of Pesticides:-
• Pests develop resistance against such pesticides.
• DDT overdose create serious results not only insects, birds but on
the humans as well.
• The continuing use of these pesticides in other countries is cause
for concern not only for the sake of endangered animal species
but also due to its potential long term effects on people.
Water pollution:-
It has negative consequences for human population as it destroys
food sources such as fish, shellfish, contaminated drinking water,
affect the other water communities.

40. Air pollution:-
• Human activities has contaminated the earth’s atmosphere.
• Acid Rain (the acid are incorporated into the cloud which
dramatically lower the pH of the rain water.)
Effects are:-
• Decline in pH of water.
• Acidity also inhibit the microbial activity.
• Minimize the mineral recycling and ecosystem productivity.
• Pond, lakes and river bodies have lost large portion of their animal
communities.
Ozone production and Nitrogen deposition:-
Causes are automobiles, power plants, Industrial activities,
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides as waste products.

41. Poaching:-
 Specific threats to certain animals are related to large economic
benefits.
 Skin and bones from tigers.
 Ivory from Elephants.
 Horns from Rhino
 Perfume from the must deer.
 Bears are killed for their gall bladder.
 The rare whale shark, a highly endangered species is being killed off the
coast of Gujarat.
 Corals and shells are also collected for export or sold on the beaches of
Chennai and Kanyakumari.
 A variety of wild plants with real or at times dubious medicinal value are
being over harvested.
 The commonly collected plants include Rauvolfia, Datura, etc.
 Collections of garden plants includes orchids, ferns and moss.

42. Pictures of Poaching

43. Short Video on Biodiversity