about optical fibre by abhishek mahajan

1. SHREEJEE INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Optical Fiber
• Guided by:- Mr. Prakash
Singh Chouhan
• By:- Shubham Yadav
• EC BRANCH 1ST YEAR

2. What is Optical Fiber?
• An Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality
glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair.
• It either functions as a waveguide or light pipe that transmits light
between two ends of the fiber or fiber cable.
• Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which
permits transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication
• Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along
them with less loss and are also safe to electromagnetic interference.
• The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design
and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.

3. History of Fiber Optics
• Fiber optics is not really a new technology, its
fairly old.
• Guiding of light by refraction, the principle
that makes fiber optics possible, was first
demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques
Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s

4. What is it made of?
• Silica
• Plastic
• Fluoride
• Phosphates

5. Uses of Optical Fiber
• Fiber optic can accommodate variety of needs.
• It can be used in Communication, fiber optic
sensors, illumination, medical.
• And also in other places where bright light needs
to be shone on a target without a clear line-of-
sight path.
• Used in building to route sunlight from the roof
to other parts of the building.
• And many more usages but we will only discuss
use of optical fiber in communication here.

6. In Communication
• Optical fiber can be used as a medium for
telecommunication and computer networking because it is
flexible and can be bundled as cables.
• It is especially advantageous for long-distance
communications, because light propagates through the
fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables.
• The per-channel light signals propagating in the fiber have
been modulated at rates as high as 111 gigabits per
second (Gbit/s) by NTT, although 10 or 40 Gbit/s is typical.
• In June 2013, researchers demonstrated transmission of
400 Gbit/s over a single channel.

7. Continued…
• Each fiber can carry many independent
channels, each using a different wavelength of
light.
• As of 2011 the record for bandwidth on a
single core was 101 Tbit/sec (370 channels at
273 Gbit/sec each).
• The record for a multi-core fibre as of January
2013 was 1.05 petabits per second

8. Details of Fiber Optics
• If you look closely at a single optical fiber, you
will see that it has the following parts:
– Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the
light travels
– Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the
core that reflects the light back into the core
– Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the
fiber from damage and moisture

9. Total Internal Reflection
Refraction is the changing direction of light
when it goes into a
material of different density.
The critical angle is the angle of incidence that
will produce a 90
0
angle of refraction.
Material 1 is more dense than material 2, so n1 is
greater than n2.

10. Continued…

11. How Fibber Optics transmit data
• a
Shaper Decoder
Photocell or
light
detector
Amplifier
Original voice
or video
Coder and
Converter
Light Source
Transmitter
Pulses
Information
Input (Voice
or video)

12. Types of FiOs
–Single Mode Fiber.
– It uses a laser-diode arrangement to transmit the
light signal.
– It uses a single ray of light in the transmission
process.
– It can be used for longer fiber runs (it can
traverse up to 40 km without a repeater).

13. Continued…
–Multi Mode Fiber.
– It uses an infrared LED system to transmit the
light signal.
– It uses multiple rays of light (more signals down
the path).
– It is used for shorter fiber runs (under 2 km).
– It is less expensive to implement than SMF.
– The most common application in networking
utilizes MMF 62.5/125µm cables, with a
maximum distance of 275 m.

14. Areas of Application
 Telecommunications
 Local Area Networks
 Cable TV
 CCTV
 Optical Fiber Sensors

15. FiOs Advantages
• a
Bandwidth · High bandwidth and capacity
· Lower signal attenuation (loss)
Immunity to Electrical Noise,
Electromagnetic Immunity
· Immune to noise (electromagnetic interference
[EMI]
· No crosstalk
· Lower bit error rates
Signal Security · Difficult to tap
· Nonconductive (does not radiate signals)
Size and Weight · Reduced size and weight cables
Overall System Economy · Low overall system cost
· Lower installation cost
Reliability · Less restrictive in harsh environments

16. FiOs Disadvantages
• a
Interfacing Costs
•High planning, installation, and maintenance
cost
Strength •lower tensile strength than coaxial cable
Remote Powering of Devices
•necessary to provide electrical power
to a remote device.
• Cannot be achieved
through the fiber, metallic conductors are
often included in the cable assembly.
Inability to interconnect •incompatibility with the electronic hardware
systems that make up today's world.

17. Loss in Optical Fiber
• Losses vary greatly depending upon the type of fiber
– Plastic fiber may have losses of several hundred dB per
kilometer
– Graded-index multimode glass fiber has a loss of about 2–
4 dB
per kilometer
– Single-mode fiber has a loss of 0.4 dB/km or less