Julius Caesar and the Triumvirates

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2. Alliance of Caesar, Crassus, & Pompey
Lasted from 60 B.C. – 53 B.C.
Combines the abilities of 3 powerful men:
Caesar: enormous popularity and great
legal reputation
Crassus: great wealth and influence
within the Equestrian order
Pompey: great spectacular wealth and
military reputation

4. Pompey thinks that Caesar’s
popularity will make him
consul
Tells Caesar to disband his
army & report home
Caesar agreed to resign if
Pompey did also
The Senate demands he
immediately disband his army
& return home

5. Caesar denies the request and marches hisCaesar denies the request and marches his
army across the Rubicon Riverarmy across the Rubicon River
This is a sign of warThis is a sign of war
Caesar has committed treason by crossingCaesar has committed treason by crossing
the Rubicon with his armythe Rubicon with his army
““Ilia iacta est.” (“The die has been cast.”)Ilia iacta est.” (“The die has been cast.”)

6. Pompey & the Senate’s
legions fight Caesar’s
in Greece
Pompey is defeated
and flees to Egypt
Caesar’s men find him
and kill him
Caesar continues on
toward Egypt

7. Caesar defeated
Ptolemy's army
Makes Cleopatra the
ruling pharaoh
Falls in love with her
and she gives birth to
his son, Caesarion

8. Caesar returns to Rome &
is elected dictator for life
Helps the poor get jobs
Expands Rome’s territory
Increases soldier’s
salaries
Creates the Julian Calendar

9. The Senate is upset about howThe Senate is upset about how
much power he hasmuch power he has
Caesar sees an oracleCaesar sees an oracle
who tells him “Bewarewho tells him “Beware
of the Ides of March”of the Ides of March”
Caesar is stabbed 23Caesar is stabbed 23
times by his closesttimes by his closest
friends, Brutus andfriends, Brutus and
CassiusCassius
“…“…et tu, Brute?”et tu, Brute?”

10. Assassination of Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.) in Roman Senate.
Painting (19th century), by Vincenzo Camuccini.

11. Caesar’s friend Mark Antony,Caesar’s friend Mark Antony,
adopted son Octavian, & theadopted son Octavian, & the
politician Lepidus Form thepolitician Lepidus Form the
Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate
But then they turn on eachBut then they turn on each
other and Octavian defeatsother and Octavian defeats
Marc AntonyMarc Antony
Octavian becomes the firstOctavian becomes the first
Roman Emperor and changesRoman Emperor and changes
his name to Caesar Augustushis name to Caesar Augustus

12. Antony also met and fell in loveAntony also met and fell in love
with Cleopatrawith Cleopatra
They had severalThey had several
children togetherchildren together
When AntonyWhen Antony
realized he wasrealized he was
defeated hedefeated he
committed suicidecommitted suicide
Cleopatra killedCleopatra killed
herself soon afterherself soon after

13. Who would you considerWho would you consider
the heroes in this storythe heroes in this story
and who are theand who are the
villains? Explainvillains? Explain
your reasoningyour reasoning
for each.for each.