1. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................8
PROJECT AT A GLANCE .................................................................................. 13
1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT ....................................15
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 15
1.2 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA .......................................................................................................... 16
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT .................................................................................................. 22
2 DETAILS ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION IN ANANTAPUR
DISTRICT ............................................................................................ 25
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 25
2.2 AREA AND POPULATION IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT ................................................................... 25
2.3 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE ............................................................................................................. 26
2.4 TEMPERATURE.............................................................................................................................. 26
2.5 PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION.................................................................................................. 27
2.6 LAND REQUIREMENT AND LAYOUT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .............................................. 29
2.7 LAND AVAILABILITY AND ACQUISITION FOR THE PROJECT ....................................................... 30
3 RADIATION DATA AND PROJECTED POWER GENERATION FROM THE
PROJECT ACTIVITY .............................................................................31
3.1 SIMULATION REPORT OF THE POWER PLANT ............................................................................. 33
4 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ..............................................................37
4.1 EXISTING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................. 37
4.2 THIN FILM MODULES ................................................................................................................... 38
4.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE, THIN FILM AND CPV.................................................. 38
TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................... 38
4.4 CONCLUSION ON SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................... 39
5 POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA .......................................................40
5.1 DESIGN AND SIMULATION PROJECTIONS BY PVSYST ............................................................ 40
5.2 PV POWER PLANT ENERGY PRODUCTION ................................................................................. 41
5.3 PV POWER PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR ......................................................................................... 41
5.4 SELECTION OF INVERTER AND COMPONENTS ........................................................................... 42
5.5 SELECTION OF MONITORING SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 42
5.6 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CABLES AND JUNCTION BOXES AND ................................................... 43
6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONETS OF THE POWER PLANT ............44
6.1 SOLAR PV MODULES ................................................................................................................... 45
6.2 CENTRAL INVERTORS .................................................................................................................. 45
6.1 MODULE MOUNTING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 47
6.1 GRID CONNECTED EQUIPMENTS ................................................................................................. 48
6.2 MONITORING SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 48
6.3 CABLES AND CONNECTORS......................................................................................................... 49
6.4 BUILDINGS HOUSING FOR ELECTRONICS (POWER HOUSE) ..................................................... 50
6.5 OTHER FACILITIES INCLUDING WATER ...................................................................................... 51
7 SPECIFICATION OF MAIN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT .............................52
8 POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID ........................58
8.1 POWER EVACUATION SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 58
2. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
8.2 TRANSFORMERS........................................................................................................................... 59
8.3 HT, LV & 11KV METERING PANEL .......................................................................................... 60
8.4 CABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 61
8.5 LT POWER CABLES ..................................................................................................................... 61
8.6 CONTROL CABLES ........................................................................................................................ 61
8.7 POWER EVACUATION CABLE ...................................................................................................... 62
8.8 GRID SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME............................................................................................ 62
9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ...............................63
9.1 DC SIDE OF THE POWER PLANT ................................................................................................. 63
9.2 AC SIDE OF THE POWER PLANT .................................................................................................. 63
9.3 MODE OF OPERATION ................................................................................................................. 64
9.4 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................. 65
9.5 SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 65
9.6 MAINTENANCE OF O & M MANUALS.......................................................................................... 66
9.7 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT ................................................. 66
9.8 TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................... 67
10 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ...............68
11 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE POWER PLANT… 70
11.1 TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................... 71
11.2 PLANT OPERATION ORGANIZATION CHART .............................................................................. 72
11.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ...................................................................................... 73
11.4 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................. 73
11.5 FINALIZATION OF THE EQUIPMENTS AND CONTRACTS ............................................................ 73
11.6 PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION......................................................................................... 74
11.7 ERECTION AND COMMISSIONING PHASE .................................................................................. 75
12 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ........................76
12.1 PLANT OPERATION ...................................................................................................................... 77
12.2 SALABLE ELECTRICITY ................................................................................................................ 78
12.3 SALE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY...................................................................................................... 78
12.4 SALE PRICE OF CARBON CREDITS .............................................................................................. 78
LIST OF TABLES:
Table 1-1: Installed Capacity in MW in India at the End of 10th Plan ___________________17
Table 1-2: Installed Capacity in MW in India as of 31 Mar 2010 _______________________17
Table 1-3: Actual Power Supply Position _______________________________________________18
Table 1-4: Capacity Addition during 11th Plan (As Per Planning Commission) __________18
Table 1-5: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12 ________________________18
Table 1-6: Installed capacity of all states as on 31.03.2010 (in MW) __________________19
Table 1-7: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh at the End of 10th Plan ________19
Table 1-8: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 Mar 2010 ____________20
Table 1-9: Actual Power Supply Position _______________________________________________20
Table 1-10: Projects planned for 11th Plan _____________________________________________20
Table 1-11: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12 _______________________21
Table 1-12: Likely Capacity Addition During 11th Plan __________________________________21
Table 1-13: Peak & Energy Table ______________________________________________________21
Table 3-1: Temperature details considered for design: ________________________________32
Table 7-1: Bill of materials _____________________________________________________________52
Table 7-2: Technical specification of proposed solar modules at STC __________________53
Table 7-3: Specifications of module mounting structure _______________________________53
Table 7-4: Cables speficification _______________________________________________________54
Table 7-5: Invertors specification ______________________________________________________54
Table 7-6: Transformer specification at 33 kV side ____________________________________55
3. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Table 7-7: Transformer specification for grid interfacing at 33/132 kV _________________56
Table 7-8: Monitoring system specification ____________________________________________57
Table 12-1: Project Cost Estimate _____________________________________________________76
Table 12-2: Assumptions supporting financial projections _____________________________80
Table 12-3: Estimation of Depreciation ________________________________________________82
Table 12-4: Projected Profitability,Balance Sheet,CF, IRR ands WC ____________________84
Table 12-5: Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) ______________________________88
List of Figures:
Figure 1: Location map of Anatapur district in India: ............................................................. 28
Figure 2: Map showing proposed project site within Anantapur ......................................... 28
Figure 3: Typical module mounting structure: .......................................................................... 47
Figure 4: Grid-Connect equipments ............................................................................................... 48
Annexure
1 Project site Photographs
2 Land ownership details of the proposed project
3 Contour map of the project site
4 Schematic diagram showing 5MWp Solar PV Plant Layout
5 Schematic of Control Room Layout
6 Schematic of earthing layout
7 Power Evacuation Scheme 5MWp to 33/132 kV substation
8 Incorporation certificate of Saisudhir Energy Limited
9 Memorandum and Articles of Association of Saisudhir Energy Limited
4. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
ABBREVIATIONS
General
AB Air Breaker
ACB Air Circuit Breaker
AC Alternate current
ACSR Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced
BOS Balance of the System
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CIS Copper Indium Selenium
CT Current Transformer
DAS Data Acquisition System
DC Direct Current
DP Double Pole
DPR Detailed Project Report
APTRANSCO Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation
HT High Tension
LT Low Tension
LV Low Voltage
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
kWh Kilo Watt Hour
NO2 Nitrous Oxide
Main Combiner Box / Miniature Circuit
MCB
Breaker
MFM Multi Function Meters
PLF Plant Load Factor
PFC Power Finance Corporation
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
PV Photo Voltaic
PT Power Transformer
SEB State Electricity Board
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5. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
SP Single Pole
VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker
XLPE Cross Linked Polyethylene
Units
% Percentage
˚C Degree Centigrade
H Hour
Ha Hectare
Kg Kilogram
kV Kilo-Volt
kW kilo Watt
kWe kilo Watt electrical
kWp kilo Watt peak
Lt Liter
M Meter
m2 Square meter
m3 Cubic meter
Mg milli gram
Mm milli meter
MW Mega Watt
MWe Mega Watt electrical
Tons Tons
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6. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
INTRODUCTION
As the world broadens its portfolio of power options to meet growing energy
demands and increasingly stringent environmental concerns, solar power is
emerging as an attractive option. Of all the routes for conversion of solar into
useful energy, direct conversion of sunlight to electricity through solar
photovoltaic technology is well accepted. Solar photovoltaic has been
recognized as an important route for generation of substantial quantities of grid
quality power by utilizing the light energy of solar radiation.
SAISUDHIR Energy Limited (SSEL) a group company of SAISUDHIR
Infrastructures Limited is intent to develop solar photovoltaic power plant of
(SPV) power project at Veerapuram village of Anatapur district, in the State of
Andhra Pradesh.
SSEL intend to setup grid interactive solar power project based on Copper
Indium Selenium (CIS) modules also called as thin film modules. The project
activity is to install grid connected 5 MW solar power project. The full power
rating of the solar power plant shall be 5.0 +5% and -0% MW DC at standard
test conditions (STC) of 1000 W/sq meter sunlight and 25 degree centigrade.
The project is selected to install CIS modules which comply with IEC 61646 for
quality and IEC 61730 safety standards.
The project site proposed is in Veerapura village of Anatapur district in Andhra
Pradesh. The total land area required for the project is about 25 acres. The
company already acquired the land required for the project.
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7. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
The project envisages an investment of approx. Rs 650 million for the
installation of 5 MW solar power plant which would provide quantity power with
a power purchase price signed with NTPC's Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd or NVVN
which is the designated Nodal Agency under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM) for procuring the solar power by entering into a Power
Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Solar Power Generation Project Developers. In
addition, the Power Project would generate direct and indirect employment
opportunities; create of civic facilities for establishment of ancillary industries.
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8. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The average per capita consumption of energy in India is around 612 kW,
which is much lower than that of the developed countries like USA,
Europe, Australia, Japan etc. However, this figure is expected to rise
sharply due to high economic growth and rapid industrialization. Energy
is a necessity and sustainable renewable energy is a vital link in
industrialization and development of India. A transition from conventional
energy systems to those based on renewable resources is necessary to
meet the ever increasing demand for energy and to address
environmental concerns.
2. Thus, the present scenario needs for addition of major renewable energy
sources of energy for overall economic development of the country.
3. Solar Photovoltaic Power plant operates on the principle of the
photoelectric phenomenon - direct conversion of light to electricity. The
solar radiation incident upon a silicon-based semiconductor photovoltaic
cell produces direct electric current.
4. Photovoltaic cells are integrated into modules with a voltage of 6 - 12 V;
the electrically interconnected modules form solar systems with an output
voltage of 230 V.
5. Saisudhir Energy Limited (SSEL) is an SAISUDHIR Infrastructures group
company. Saisudhir Infrastructures Limited is one of the fastest growing
ISO 9000 infrastructure companies having nationwide network for its
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9. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Construction services in the field of Water, Power, Buildings
Infrastructures, Solid Waste Management and Irrigation etc.,
6. SAISUDHIR builds the high-voltage electric transmission system that
helps to keep the lights on, business running and communities strong.
The company has played a major role in the complete preparation,
analysis, design, construction management and inspection of energy
structures, high voltage transmission lines and distribution systems
across the country.
7. SAISUDHIR has an in-house capability for designing Transmission Line
Towers & Switchyard Structures.
8. SAISUDHIR energy proposed to install a 5 MW Solar Photovoltaic (SPV)
power plant under phase I of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM) of new grid connected projects. The generated electricity will be
sold to NVVN with a long term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The
company has already entered into a PPA agreement with NVVN.
9. This report highlights the details of the proposed power generation
scheme, site facilities, solar radiation in the proposed site location and
water, evacuation of generated power, features of main plant and
equipment including the inverter system, electrical systems,
environmental aspects, estimate of capital cost and the financial analysis
and the schedule for project implementation.
10. The proposed 5 MW power plant would require about 25 acres of land.
The company already acquired the land required for the project.
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10. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
11. The plant is designed with an availability factor of 100%. The plant will
generate about 9.63 million units per year at the module array terminals,
after the losses in the system about 9.32 million units will be available at
the grid terminals which will amount to a plant load factor of about
21.28 %. The project site was selected on the basis of:
• Availability of good solar insulation
• Availability of uninhabited land at a reasonable cost
• Availability of stable grid near to the project site
• High Power Demand in the State
• Availability of good infrastructural facility including road and rail
connection
12. The power generated at 11kV from the power plant will be stepped-up to
33 kV level and connected to APPCL sub-station at Raydurg, which is
about 10 km from the project site. The total power produced is envisaged
as 9.63 million units at the PV array. After the losses the net available
energy for supplying to the grid is about 9.32 million units. Thus, the net
salable electricity to the grid works out to 9.32 million units. The plant is
envisaged to operate 365 days at a plant load factor (PLF) of 21.28%.
The transmission line required from the SSEL 5 MW plant site to the
substation will be laid by the project promoters.
13. The power plant will comprise of IEC 61646 modules of CIS thin film
modules with aluminum frame of 41,600 no’s , which will work out to 5
MW +5% and -0% for accounting the DC losses (each module of 130 Wp
capacity), 5200 nos of PV system mounting structures (strings) made out
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11. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
of MS galvanized steel with 8 module structure, fixed tilt type, 80 nos of
array junction boxes, Power conditioning unit (inverter) 10 nos of 500
kVA, 1.25 MVA transformer 5 nos, 6.5 MVA transformer 1 no for
interfacing with grid, LT and HT Panel and protection and metering,
cables and earthing system set.
14. The net energy sales from the plant workout 9.32 million units. The
entire energy will be sold to NVVN through APTransco grid. The financial
analysis is made with a levelised power purchase price of Rs. 12.00 /
kWh.
15. The total cost of generation includes the insurance cost, repairs and
maintenance, cost of administration, salaries and wages, cost of utilities.
16. The total installed project cost including civil, mechanical and electrical,
preoperative expenses and the contingency works out to Rs 650 million.
17. The solar power plant reduces contribution to atmospheric carbon-di-
oxide vis-à-vis fossil fuel generation. The project helps solar radiation
into useful electricity, adding to the sustainability of the project and the
local environment. Thus, the project meets the UNFCCC norms set to
qualify for obtaining CDM benefits. The project is envisaged to register
with UNFCCC for availing the CDM benefits.
18. The term loan requirement from the financial institution works out to
455.00 (70% of the project cost) million. It is assumed that the term
loan will be repaid in 13 years in quarterly installments, with an initial
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12. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
moratorium period of 1 year. The equity from SSIL will be Rs 195.00
million. The interest rate for the term loan is considered as 11.50 %.
19. The depreciation computed is on straight line basis.
20. Income tax at the rate of 32.45% % is considered in the financial
analysis. The benefits available under Section 80 IA, for power projects
have been taken into consideration in the financial analysis while
calculating the income tax liability. The post tax Project Internal Rate of
Return (IRR) works out to 13.63% and Post tax Equity IRR works out to
18.89%.
21. The project also generates Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
revenue with reduction at 1% in the subsequent years. If we consider the
revenue from sale of carbon credits with a minimum price of € 12 per
CER, the project generates additional revenue of about INR 7.5 million,
which will add to the profitability of the project.
22. Minimum Project Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) will work out to
1.35 and average DSCR will work out to 1.65.
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13. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
PROJECT AT A GLANCE
1 Project Authority SAISUDHIR Energy Limited
5 MW +5% and –0% Solar Photovoltaic
2 Project Installed Capacity
Power Plant
T.Veerapuram Village, Anantapur
3 Selected Location
District.
4 Nearest Major Towns Anantapur
5 Seismic Zone Zone-4 as per IS 1893-1984.
Well Connected, buses are Operated by
6 Access by Bus Andhrapradesh State Road Transport
Corporation (APSRTC)
7 Nearest Airport Bangalore International Airport (BIAL)
Anantapur Railway Station is on the
8 Access by Rail
Bangalore-Hydrabad line.
Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) Thin film
9 Solar module type
modules
10 Capacity of each module 130 Wp
11 No. of modules 41,600 Nos
12 PV System Mounting Structure type MS Galvanised(> 70 micron)
13 Module mounting structure type 8 Module mounting structure
14 No. of module mounting structures 5,200 Nos.
15 No. of Array junction boxes 80 Nos.
Power conditioning Unit (Invertor)
16 500 kVA
capacity
17 Power conditioning Unit specifications Input voltage range 450-900V
18 No. of invertors 10 Nos.
19 Invertors make AEG or equivalent
20 1.25 MVA Transformer 5 Nos
21 6.5 MVA Transformer 1 No.
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14. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
22 LT Panel with protection & metering 5 Nos.
23 LT Panel with protection & metering 2 Nos
24 Cables and earthing systems 1 set
25 Gross Power Generation (kW) 5000 +5% and -0%
Net exportable power at 33 kV to
27 9.32 million units
nearest grid substation(kW)
28 Power Purchase tariff with NVVN in ` 12.00
29 Plant Load Factor 21.28%
30 Total Project cost (Rs. In millions) 650
Preliminary and pre-operative
31 30.00
expenses (Rs. In millions)
Equity from Promoters
32 195.00
(Rs. In millions)
Term loan from Financial Institutions
33 455.00
(Rs in millions)
34 Interest on term loan 11.50%
35 Project IRR (post tax) 13.63 %
36 Equity IRR (post tax) 18.89 %
37 Plant Commissioning Date Dec 2011
Land requirement 25 Acres
38
• Module area 51,089 m2
The entire station will be laid at a
39 Land Development
uniform level.
TECHNICAL FEATURES
Through 33/132kV Transmission lines
40 Power Evacuation Raydurg substation located 10km from
project site.
OTHER FACILITIES
Through EPC (Engineering, Procurement
41 Mode of Implementation
and Construction) or thru split contracts.
Twelve (12) months from the date of
42 Project Time Frame
signing PPA with NVVN
PROJECT COST
Present day cost including, financing
Project Cost charges and margin money.
43
Rs.650 million.
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15. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
1 NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT
1.1 Introduction
India with 17 percent of the world population and just 0.8 per cent of the
world’s known oil and natural gas resources is going to face serious energy
challenges in the coming decades. Besides energy independence, the
devastating impact of climate change has become an issue of critical
importance. Energy production using fossil fuels is the major contributor to
greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, transition to a low-carbon energy economy is
the real solution for mitigating the impact of climate change.
India has huge potential for producing electricity from renewable sources. The
achievement so far is about 17,222 (as on 31.03.2010) MW, as against global
installed capacity of approximately 2,00,000 MW of renewable electricity
generation. While India’s achievement is commendable, it is necessary for us to
keep pace with the fast growth in developed countries.
There are three imperatives that necessitate a transition to a sustainable energy
system in the 21st century: They are Climate change and its potentially
disastrous consequences. Peaking of production, depletion and extinction of
fossil fuels and Energy Autonomy and Independence.
The single biggest reason for global warming is the burning of fossil fuels. So
the solution lies in effecting an accelerated transition to a low carbon energy
economy, which means large scale development of renewable energy.
Fortunately there are several emerging technologies that will facilitate this.
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16. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Peaking of production of all fossil fuels (viz. oil, gas and coal) in the next two
decades and gradual extinction of these resources is an accepted scientific fact.
Even assuming that they would be available, India, which is already dependent
on their import, would become more and more import dependent. The financial
implications of large scale imports would destroy our economy and necessitate
strategies to move towards energy autonomy or independence.
The conversion of solar energy to electricity displaces an equivalent amount of
grid power, which would otherwise be produced by grid connected fossil fuel
dominated power plants. Grid power is comprised of a large share of fossil fuel
based generation systems.
1.2 Power Scenario in India
As per Section73(a) of the Indian Electricity Act-2003, CEA has been carrying
out periodic electric power survey to project state-wise and region-wise power
plans together with assessment of peaking power and energy surpluses /
deficits. The estimate prepared by the CEA is revised and updated from time to
time taking into account the actual growth rates achieved. The Reports and
National Electricity Plan prepared by CEA i.e. Report on (17th) Electric Power
Survey of India published in August 2007, Draft National Electricity Plan-
Transmission published in 2005 and Power Scenario at a glance published in
April 2010 have been referred for carrying out demand analysis of the State of
Andhra Pradesh and other regions.
Load forecast/Availability of power for 2003-2012 for the State of Eastern,
Northern, Western, Southern and North-Eastern region have been given below
which shows that surplus amount of power will be available for the North-East
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17. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
region while other regions i.e. Northern, Western and Southern will expect a
shortage of power at the end of 11th Plan i.e. 2011-12. Actual power scenario
of are as follows in terms of:
• Installed Capacity
• Actual Supply/Generation.
• Likely capacity addition.
Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in India at the End of 10th Plan
INSTALLED CAPACITY (AT THE END OF 10TH PLAN) (FIGURES IN MW)
Sector Hydro Thermal Nuclear R.E.S. Total
Coal Gas Diesel Total (MNRE)
STATE 26,005.7 41,731.6 3,729.8 604.6 46,066 0.0 975.7 73,047.4
PRIVATE 1,230.0 4,241.4 4,183.0 597.1 9,021.5 0.0 6,784.8 17,036.3
CENTRAL 7,418 25,118.3 5,809.0 0.0 30,927.3 3,900.0 0.0 42,245.3
TOTAL 34,653.7 71,091.3 13,721.8 1,201.8 86,014.8 3,900.0 7,760.5 1,32,329
Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in India as of 31 Mar 2010
INSTALLED CAPACITY AS ON 31.03.2010 (FIGURES IN MW)
Sector Hydro Thermal Nuclear R.E.S Total
Coal Gas Diesel Total (MNRE)
STATE 27,065.00 44,977.00 4,046.12 602.61 49,625.73 0.00 2,701.12 79,391.85
PRIVATE 1,233.00 8,056.38 6,307.50 597.14 14,961.02 0.00 12,819.99 29,014.01
CENTRAL 8,565.40 31,165.00 6,702.23 0.00 37,867.23 4,560.00 0.00 50,992.63
TOTAL 36,863.40 84,198.38 17,055.85 1,199.75 1,02,453.98 4,560.00 15,521.11 1,59,398.49
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18. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position
ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY POSITION
9 Period Peak Peak Met Peak Peak Energy Energy Avail-Energy Energy
Demand (MW) Deficit/ Deficit/ Requi- ability (MU) Deficit/ Deficit/
(MW) Surplus Surplus rment Surplus Surplus
(MW) (%) (MU) (MU) (%)
9TH PLAN END 78,441 69,189 -9,252 -11.8 5,22,537 4,83,350 -39,187 -7.5
2002-03 81,492 71,547 -9,945 -12.2 5,45,983 4,97,890 -48,093 -8.8
2003-04 84,574 75,066 -9,508 -11.2 5,59,264 5,19,398 -39,866 -7.1
2004-05 87,906 77,652 -10,254 -11.7 5,91,373 5,48,115 -43,258 -7.3
2005-06 93,255 81,792 -11,463 -12.3 6,31,757 5,78,819 -52,938 -8.4
2006-07 1,00,715 86,818 -13,897 -13.8 6,90,587 6,24,495 -66,092 -9.6
2007-08 1,08,866 90,793 -18,073 -16.6 7,39,345 6,66,007 -73,338 -9.9
2008-09 1,09,809 96,685 -13,124 -12 7,74,324 6,89,021 -85,303 -11
APR,09 1,18,472 1,02,725 -15,748 -13.3 8,30,300 7,46,493 -83,807 -10.1
MAR ,2010 1,18,472 1,02,725 -15,748 -13.3 76,493 67,513 -8,980 -11.7
NOTE :- PEAK DEMAND - 121891 MW , ENERGY REQUIREMENT - 794561 MU FOR THE YEAR
2008-2009(AS PER 17TH EPS REPORT),OCCURENCE OF PEAK AS PER ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY
POSITION IN THE MONTH(S) - MARCH & OCTOBER
SOURCE:- DMLF DIVISION
Table 1-: Capacity Addition during 11th Plan (As Per Planning Commission)
CAPACITY ADDITION DURING 11TH PLAN (AS PER PLANNING COMMISSION TARGET)
Sector Hydro Thermal Nuclear Wind Total
Coal Gas Diesel Total
STATE 3,482.0 19,985.0 3,316.4 0.0 23,301.4 0.0 0.0 26,783.4
PRIVATE 3,491.0 9,515.0 2,037.0 0.0 11,552.0 0.0 0.0 15,043.0
CENTRAL 8,654.0 23,350.0 1,490.0 0.0 24,840.0 3,380.0 0.0 36,874.0
TOTAL 15,627.0 52,850.0 6,843.4 0.0 59,693.4 3,380.0 0.0 78700.4*
NOTE :- * AS PER ACTUAL ORDERS , THE CAPACITY COMES TO 78900.4 MW
Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12
LIKELY POWER SUPPLY POSITION AT THE END OF 2011-12 (DEMAND AS PER 17TH EPS)
Period Peak Peak Peak Peak Energy Requi- Energy Energy Energy
Demand Met Deficit/ Deficit/ rment (MU) Avail- Deficit/ Deficit/
(MW) (MW) Surplus Surplus ability Surplus Surplus
(MW) (%) (MU) (MU) (%)
2011-12 1,52,746 1,42,765 -9,981 -6.5 9,68,659 9,48,836 -19,823 -2.0
18
20. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Table 1-: Installed Capacity in MW in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 Mar 2010
Sector Hydro Thermal Nuclear R.E.S. Total
Coal Gas Diesel Total (MNRE)
STATE 3,617.53 3,882.50 0.00 0.00 3,882.50 0.00 188.43 7,688.46
PRIVATE 0.00 0.00 2,580.40 36.80 2,617.20 0.00 512.08 3,129.28
CENTRAL 0.00 2,377.38 0.00 0.00 2,377.38 214.28 0.00 2,591.66
TOTAL 3,617.53 6,259.88 2,580.40 36.80 8,877.08 214.28 700.51 13,409.40
Table 1-: Actual Power Supply Position
Peak Peak Peak Peak Energy Energy Energy Energy
Period Demand Met deficit/ Deficit/ Requi- Avail- Deficit/ Deficit/
(MW) (MW) Surplus Surplus ( rment ability Surplus Surplus (
(MW) %) (MU) (MU) (MU) %)
9TH PLAN END 8,585 6,873 -1,712 -19.9 48,394 44,302 -4,092 -8.5
2002-03 8,491 6,858 -1,633 -19.2 47,258 44,049 -3,209 -6.8
2003-04 8,679 7,769 -910 -10.5 48,080 46,680 -1,400 -2.9
2004-05 8,093 7,903 -190 -2.3 50,416 50,061 -355 -0.7
2005-06 8,999 8,542 -457 -5.1 53,030 52,332 -698 -1.3
2006-07 10,208 8,641 -1,567 -15.4 60,964 58,280 -2,684 -4.4
2007-08 10,048 9,162 -886 -8.8 64,139 61,511 -2,628 -4.1
2008-2009 10,823 9,997 -826 -7.6 71,592 66,754 -4,838 -6.8
APR,09-MAR10 12,135 10,880 -1,255 -10.3 79,014 73,784 -5,230 -6.6
MAR 2010 12,135 10,880 -1,255 -10.3 7,929 7,040 -889 -11.2
Table 1-: Projects planned for 11th Plan
PROJECTS PLANNED FOR XITH PLAN (STATE/PRIVATE/CENTRAL SECTOR) INCLUDING BEST
CAPACITY LIKELY YEAR /
EFFORT PROJECT AGENCY STATUS TYPE (MW) DATE OF
PROJECTS COMMISSIONIN
G
1 SIMHADRI-EXT U-3,4 NTPC Under Construction COAL 1,000 2010-12
2 SUB TOTAL –Central sector 1,000
3 JURALA PRIYA U1,2 APGENCO Commissioned HYDRO 78 31.08.2008
4 JURALA PRIYA U,3 APGENCO Commissioned HYDRO 39 07.06.2009
5 JURALA PRIYA U 4-6 APGENCO Under Construction HYDRO 117 2010-11
6 NAGARJUNA SAGAR TR APGENCO Under Construction HYDRO 50 2010-12
7 PULICHINTALA APID Under Construction HYDRO 120 2010-12
8 RAYALSEEMA U4 APGENCO Commissioned COAL 210 2007-08
9 RAYALSEEMA ST III U5 APGENCO Under Construction COAL 210 2010-11
10 VIJAYWADA TPP ST-IV,U1 APGENCO Commissioned COAL 500 8.10.2009
11 KOTHAGUDEM ST-V APGENCO Under Construction COAL 500 2011-12
12 KAKTIYA TPP APGENCO Under Construction COAL 500 2010-11
13 SUB TOTAL –state sector 2,324
14 KONASEEMA OAKWELL Commissioned GAS/LNG 280 3.5.2009
15 KONASEEMA OAKWELL Under Construction GAS/LNG 165 2010-11
16 GAUTAMI GAUTAMI POW Commissioned GAS/LNG 464 3.5.2009
17 KONDAPALLI PH II LANCO Commissioned GAS 233 5.12.2009
18 KONDAPALLI PH II LANCO Under Construction LNG 133 2010-11
19 SUB TOTAL -private sector 1,275
20 TOTAL (AP) 4,719
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21. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Table 1-: Likely Power Supply Position at the End of 2010-12
LIKELY POWER SUPPLY POSITION AT THE END OF 2011-12* (DEMAND AS PER 17TH EPS)
Period Peak Peak Peak Peak Energy Energy Energy Energy
2011- Demand 12,357 -2,364 Deficit/
14,721 Met eficit/ -16.1 Requi-
89,032 Avail-
80,338 Deficit/
-8,694 Deficit/
-9.8
12
Table 1-: Likely Capacity Addition During 11th Plan
LIKELY CAPACITY ADDITION DURING 11TH PLAN INCLUDING BEST EFFORT PROJECTS
FOR THE STATE : - Ty St Installed Capacity Benefits Commissioned Last Unit
ANDHRA PRADESH
CENTRAL-SECTOR pe at Capacity Addition Shares of / Commissioning
*SIMHADRI ST-II T U 1,000.00 1,000.00 384.00 (2010-2012)
*ENNORE JV COST T U 1,000.00 1,000.00 129.00 (20110-2012)
KAIGA U-3 & 4 N U 440.00 440.00 123.00 COMM 220.00 11.04.2007
*KALPAKKAM PFBR N U 500.00 500.00 142.00 (2010-2011)
CENTRAL-SECTOR TOTAL:- 778.00
STATE-SECTOR
NAGAR SAGAR TR H U 50.00 50.00 50.00 (2010-2012)
VIJAYWADA TPP T U 500.00 500.00 500.00 COMM 500.00 ( 8.10.2009 )
KOTHAGUDEM ST-V T U 500.00 500.00 500.00 (2011-2012)
JURALA PRIYA H U 234.00 234.00 234.00 COMM 27.06.2009
RAYALSEEMA 4&5 T U 420.00 420.00 420.00 117.00 210.00 20.11.2007
COMM
PULICHINTALA H U 120.00 120.00 120.00 (2011-2012)
KAKTIYA TPP T U 500.00 500.00 500.00 (2010-2011)
STATE - SECTOR TOTAL:- 1,824.00
PRIVATE-SECTOR
KONASEEMA CCGT G U 445.00 445.00 445.00 COMM 280.00 (3.5.2009)
GAUTAMI CCGT G C 464.00 464.00 464.00 COMM 464.00 (3.5.2009)
KONDAPALLI CCPP G U 233.00 233..00 233.00 COMM 233.00 (5.12.2009)
KONDAPALLI CCPP T U 366.00 366.00 133.00 (2010-2011)
PRIVATE-SECTOR TOTAL:- 1,275.00
GRAND-TOTAL:- 3,757.00
Note: U-Under Construction Project;
C-Commissioned
* Share from Central Sectors Projects for which M.O.P. Orders are
yet to be issued is tentative.
Table 1-: Peak & Energy Table
PEAK AND ENERGY TABLE
YEAR (As per 17th EPS Report vs Actual achieved)
PEAK ENERGY
Requirment Actual Requirement Actual
2004-05 as per 17th 8,093
8,168 Demand 48,928 17th
as Per Require
50,416
2005-06 8,810 8,999 54,683 53,030
2006-07 9,597 10,208 59,311 60,964
2007-08 10,454 10,048 64,331 64,139
2008-09 11,388 10,823 69,775 71,592
2009-10 12,406 75,680
2010-11 13,514 82,085
2011-12 14,721 89,032
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22. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
From the above tables i.e. Actual power Supply position for the state of Andhra
Pradesh, it clearly indicates the consistent power deficit of around 8.5 % at the
end of 9th Plan continuing till 2009-10 up to 11.2%.
1.3 Justification for the project
For the state of Andhra Pradesh the projected peak load is 13,514 MW (2010-
11). Table above shows Installed capacity as on 31 Mar 2010 for the state of
Andhra Pradesh, actual power supply position and capacity addition during 11th
Plan for the state of Andhra Pradesh. As per present power scenario for the
state of Andhra Pradesh the peak deficit during 2006-07 is around 4.4 %. As
per table above power deficit for the state of Andhra Pradesh during 2011-12
will be around 1,255 MW (March 2010). Thus Considering projected power
demand for the state of Andhra Pradesh, power generated from the proposed
power plant may be utilized for the state of Andhra Pradesh.
The proposed solar photovoltaic power plant (SPV) will contribute to bridge the
gap between the demand and availability of power.
As per the proposed transmission evacuation plan, the proposed power station
shall be connected to APTransco 33/132 kV substation at Raydurng, in
Anantapur district. Therefore it is considered that the proposed power plant will
be able to contribute to the power requirement of the Andhra Pradesh, hence it
is justified for construction of the Proposed 5 MW Power Plant at Veerapuram
village, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh.
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23. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
The project activity will result in an annual average reduction of about 8000
tCO2e per year by replacing electricity generated from fossil fuel fired power
plants. The project activity has been essentially conceived to generate GHG
emission free electricity by making use of available Solar PV in the project area.
The project - being a renewable energy project - leads to sustainable
development through efficient utilization of naturally available sunlight and
generation of additional employment for the local stakeholders.
The Government of India in its Interim Approval Guidelines for CDM Projects
has stipulated a set of indicators for describing the sustainable development of
a project. According to these indicators, the sustainability of the described
project is as follows:
Social well being:
The project activity is generating employment opportunities for professional,
skilled and unskilled labour for development, engineering, procurement
operation and maintenance of the project activity. The development of project
specific infrastructure will result in employment and income generation activities
for local personnel. In addition various kinds of maintenance work would
generate employment opportunities for local contractor on regular and
Economic well being:
• The project activities will bring an additional permanent basis. The project
activity would promote the application of solar energy based power
generation investment to the tune of INR 650 million, which is a
significant investment in a green field project in the region.
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24. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
• The project activities will act as a nucleus for other economic activities
such as setting up of cottage industries, shops, hotels etc. around the
area, contributing to the economic development around the project area.
• Proposed power plant will use solar radiation as resource for generation
of power helps conserve foreign exchange by reducing the need to import
fossil fuels to meet the country’s growing energy demand.
Environmental well being:
Solar energy based power generation system will be a robust clean technology
involving latest state of the art renewable energy options to be used for the
purpose of electricity generation. The project implementation will lead to
reduction of SOx, NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions. It therefore
results in an improvement in air quality and human health.
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25. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
2 DETAILS ABOUT THE PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION
IN ANANTAPUR DISTRICT
2.1 Introduction
Anantapur district is situated in 13'-40'' and 15’-15'' Northern Latitude and 76'-
50'' and 78'-30'' Eastern Longitude. It is bounded by Bellary, Kurnool District
on the North, Cuddapah and Kolar Districts of Karnataka on South East and
North respectively. The District is roughly oblong in shape, the longer side
running North to South with a portion of Chitradurg District of Karnataka State
intruding into it from west between Kundurpi and Amarapuram Mandals.The
Distance of State capital Hyderabad from the district is of ~300 Kms. The
District of Anantapur has a fairly good elevation which provides the District with
tolerable climate throughout the year. It has a gradual fall from the South
North towards the valley of the Pennar in Peddavadugur, Peddapappur and
Tadipatri Mandals. There is a gradual rise in Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi,
Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira Mandals in the South to join the
Karnataka Plateau where the average elevation is about 2000 feet is above the
mean sea level.
2.2 Area and population in Anantapur District
There are 929 inhabited villages, out of 964 total Revenue villages of the
District. The number of villages in size group of 500 to 1999 forms 36.71% of
the total inhabited villages . The size group of 2000 to 4999 forms 38.64% and
the size group of 5000 to 9999 forms 12.81% only out of total villages, while 84
villages ( 9.04%) of total inhabited villages are having population less than 500.
There are 26 villages with more than 10,000 population excluding Towns.
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26. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
2.3 Rainfall and Climate
Anatapur district being far from the East coast, it does not enjoy the full
benefits of North East Monsoons and being cut off by the high western Ghats,
the South West Monsoon are also prevented from penetrating and punching
the thirst of these parched soils. It is therefore seen, the district is deprived of
both the monsoons and subjected to droughts due to bad seasons. The normal
rainfall of the district is 553.0 MMs. by which it secures least rainfall when
compared to Rayalaseema and other parts of Andhra Pradesh. The normal
rainfall for the South West Monsoon period is 338.0 MMs. which forms about
61.2% of the total rainfall for the year. The failure of the rains in this South
West monsoon period of June to September will lead the District to drought by
failure of crops. The rainfall for North East monsoon period is 156.0 M.Ms. only,
which forms 28.3% M.Ms. of the total rainfall for the year (October to
December).
2.4 Temperature
March, April and May are warm months when the normal daily maximum
temperature ranges between 29.1 C to 40.3 C. November, December and
January are cooler months when the temperature falls about 15.7 C,
Hindupur, Parigi, Lepakshi, Chilamathur, Agali, Rolla and Madakasira Mandals
being at High Elevation are more cooler than the rest of the Mandals in the
District.
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27. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
2.5 Proposed Project location
The Proposed project site T Veerapuram is located in Raydurg Taluk of
Anantapur district. Below figure shows the project location. The site selection
for a Solar Power Plant is pre-dominantly determined by solar insulation
availability & grid connectivity for exporting power. Equally important are other
essential factors/considerations such as:
• Availability of adequate land for Power Plant and green belt development
• Soil condition like soil bearing capacity etc.
• Proximity to State Electricity Grid enabling economic evacuation of power
generated
• Availability of water and power during construction
• Availability of local work force in the proximity
• Availability of load centres (towns) within vicinity
• Easy accessibility of the site
The proposed project site in Veerapuram village, Anatapur district of Andhra
Pradesh State is found favoring all the above factors to a reasonable extent.
27
28. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Figure : Location map of Anatapur district in India:
Figure : Map showing proposed project site within Anantapur
Proposed
Project site for
5 MW SPV
Power Project
at Veerapura
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29. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
2.6 Land requirement and layout of the proposed Project
The Power Plant will be located in the proposed site in Veerapuram village. The
total land area required for the project is about 25 acres. The Power Plant
layout can be divided into two sections as:
1. Module mounting area and
2. Control room
The major portion of the site will be used for module mounting. As described in
the Power Plant Scheme the module will be mounted in a steel structure which
will be installed facing South direction for best efficiency & optimal power
output. The steel structure will be grouted using RCC foundation. The proposed
structure is designed to hold 8 modules per structure and which can withstand
wind speed up to 100km/hr. The structure is designed in such a way that it will
occupy minimum required space without sacrificing the performance.
The interconnection cables are routed within the structure and the output cables
from the modules are taken through proper size conduit to the smart connect
box. The output cables from the junction boxes are routed under the ground
through conduits or cable trenches. Man holes for regular maintenance and
inspection will be provided at equal distances as required. Earthing for all the
module mounting structures will be done using copper or GI conductors. The
earth pits for module area will be provided as the electrical standards. In order
to protect the modules from lightning, lightning protection will be provided in
the module mounting area. Sufficient number of lightning arrestor will be
29
30. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
provided in this area alone for protection of modules. The proposed power plant
layout is enclosed as annexure 5.
2.7 Land availability and acquisition for the project
As mentioned in the previous section, solar power plant of 5 MW capacity
requires about 25 acres of land. The land required by the project is already
acquired on lease basis.
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31. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
RADIATION DATA AND PROJECTED POWER GENERATION FROM THE PROJECT
ACTIVITY
Actual site of installation is T. Veerapuram village, Raydurg taluka, located in
Anatapur district. The latitude and longitude of this site is 14.36 0N and 76.56
0
E respectively. Solar radiation available is for Anatapur in Andhra Pradesh is
considered for simulation of project parameters.
Latitude : 14.70 ºN
Longitude : 77.60 ºE
Below is the weather data for Anatapur district. The data is taken from surface
metrology and solar energy data NASA earth science enterprise programme and
is based on 22 years of yield data analysis.
The irradiation and temperature details considered for the design purpose are
as below:
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32. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
Table -: Temperature details considered for design:
Average annual solar insulation at horizontal angle taken for Anantapur based
on the above chart: 5.34 KWh/m²/day.
32
33. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
2.8 Simulation report of the power plant
33
34. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
34
35. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
35
36. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
The above simulation analysis is carried out based on the fixed structures.
Saisudhir energy and NVVN has entered into a power purchase agreement for
the capacity of 5 MW +5% and -0% power plant capacity. The entire generated
energy will be sold to NVVN on a long term basis. With this arrangement to
optimize the power generation potential, it was envisaged to install PV modules
of 5.250 MW capacity to take care of the DC side energy losses in the system.
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37. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
3 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY
The key components of a photovoltaic power system are the photovoltaic cells
(sometimes also called solar cells) interconnected and encapsulated to form a
photovoltaic module (the commercial product), the mounting structure for the
module or array, the inverter (essential for grid-connected systems and) and
charge controller (for off-grid systems only).
3.1 Existing Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
Crystalline silicon technologies currently account for most of the overall cell
production in the IEA PVPS countries. Single crystal PV cells are manufactured
using a single-crystal growth method and have commercial efficiencies between
15 % and 18 %. Multicrystalline cells, usually manufactured from a melting and
solidification process, are less expensive to produce but are marginally less
efficient, with conversion efficiencies around 14 %.
PV cells made from ribbons demonstrate an average efficiency around 14 %.
Thin film cells, constructed by depositing extremely thin layers of photovoltaic
semi-conductor materials onto a backing material such as glass, stainless steel
or plastic, show stable efficiencies in the range of 7 % to 13 %. Thin film
materials commercially used are amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride
(CdTe), and copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) and Copper Indium
Selenium (CIS) Thin film modules.
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38. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
3.2 Thin film modules
Thin film modules are potentially cheaper to manufacture than crystalline cells
have a wider customer appeal as design elements due to their homogeneous
appearance present. Disadvantages, such as low-conversion efficiencies and
requiring larger areas of PV arrays and more material (cables, support
structures) to produce the same amount of electricity.
3.3 Comparison between Crystalline, Thin film and CPV
Technologies
S.No. Parameter Crystalline Thin Film CPV
Types of Materials Mono/ Polycrystalline Amorphous Silicon, CdS, Triple Junction GaAs Cell &
CdTe, CIGS, CIS etc. lens , tracker
1 Handling Better protec tion against Not Guaranteed Installation would be at site.
breakage Not Guaranteed
2 Power Efficiency 12-16% 6-8% 20-25%
3 Technology Well Developed Under development Under development
4 Module Weight Light weight modules Heavier modules Heaviest System
5 Area utilization Higher power generated Less power per unit area Highest power per unit area
per unit area due to high
efficiency
6 Temperature Effects Temperature variations Lesser impact of Temperature High variation
affect output variations
7 Irradiance Used particularly for Better performance with Diffuse Works only for Normal
Normal radiations radiations radiations
8 Module quantity Lesser nos required due More modules required Lowest nos. of modules
to high efficienc y required
9 Output per MW High Varies as per sunlight condtion Very High(due to tracking)
installed and various locations
10 Transportation Cost Lower Transportation Higher cost High cost
cost
11 Mounting Structure Fewer Mounting structure More Mounting structures Sophisticated mounting
required per KW power required required
12 Land Requirement Lesser space required per Largest space requirement Lowest spac e required
MW
13 Inverter High inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility
14 Cost High c ost per Watt Lower cost per Watt Highest cost per Watt
14 Environment Effects Less Sensitive Sensitive Sensitive
15 Stabilization Stable power output from Stability achieved after 4-6 Unknown
at initial stages months
16 Availability Easily available Limited supply Limited supply
17 Health hazards Made from non toxic Toxic materials used for thin Unknown
material (Si) films (CdS, CdTe)
18 Power Degradation Less degradation Highest degradation for initial 5- High Degradation
7 years
19 Plant Maintenance Less maintenance Highest maintenanc e required, High maintenanc e required, so
required after installation so highest maintenance c ost high maintenance cost
so lower cost
20 Repair Relatively easy Diffic ult due to complex Difficult due to complex
structure struc ture
21 Cooling Requirement Not required Not required Requires active or passive
cooling which could increase
cost
22 Cabling Well known, and lower Well Understood but yet difficult Complex and under
cabling losses due to higher number of arrays, development. Cabling losses
along with high cabling losses expected to be high
23 Suitability for Grid Good Good Good
Technology
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39. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
3.4 Conclusion on selection of technology
Each of the above technologies has their own particular strengths and
weaknesses which have played a role in our decision making. We have decided
to use Copper Indium Selenium (CIS) Thin film modules as our
preferred technology. These advantages and disadvantages in addition with
their market availability and costing are the key parameters on basis of which
we have taken our technological decision.
In the section 4.3 we have compared various technologies, and justification of
why we have chosen a particular technology. In the below section we have
compared the CIS, vis a vis Crystalline, Amorphous technologies.
Characteristic CIS Crystalline Amorphous Remarks
Module efficiency ++ +++ - cSi still higher than CIS, but the difference
is getting narrow
Appearance ++ - ++ CIS modules are all black, and therefore
very compatible with roof settings
High Temperature - - ++ CIS and cSi do not have anneal effect
Light soaking effect ++ - - CIS has light soaking effect. Higher than
nominal power output is expected.
Degradation ++ ++ - Degradation rate is almost same as
Crystalline.
Production cost ++ + ++ Unit production cost of CIS modules
expected to decrease by mass production
but not in the case of crystalline module.
Manufacturing process + - + Simple processes allow a smooth and
efficient production overall
Environmental + - + Environmentally friendly - CIS modules do
contribution not include toxic or pollutant elements
Energy payback time ++ + ++ Manufacture of CIS modules require only a
small amount of energy
Issue of raw materials ++ - + CIS products do not use silicon, thus less
affected by market volatility
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40. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
4 POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA
The Power Plant is sized on the following major criteria:
• Solar Power (average insulation available)
• Power evacuation facility in the vicinity of the proposed site along with
Grid availability on 24 Hours a day basis.
Details of the design process and are presented in the below sections.
4.1 Design and Simulation projections by PVSYST
PVSYST tool is one of the most accepted design tool for the study, sizing,
simulation and data analysis of complete PV systems. We have used this tool to
generate the most realistic energy yield simulation results which are detailed in
this report. Main features of PVSYST:
1) Detailed computation of the used components (modules, inverters, etc)
2) Simulation on hourly basis and detailed evaluation and consideration of
different loss factors.
3) Calculation of arbitrary orientated module planes (fixed and tracking
systems)
4) Most accepted and used tool to generate simulation results for big PV
power plants, as the results are based on systematic and refined
approach.
5) Program with the most accurate results and functions at the market.
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41. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
4.2 PV Power Plant Energy Production
The system lifetime energy production is calculated by determining the first-
year energy generation as expressed in kWh (AC)/kWp (AC), then degrading
output over the system life based on an annual performance degradation rate.
System degradation (largely a function of PV panel type and manufacturing
quality) and its predictability are important factors in lifecycle costs since they
determine the probable level of future cash flows. This stream of energy
produced is then discounted to derive a present value of the energy generated
to make a levelized cost calculation. The first year kWh/kWp is a function of
the:
• The amount of sunshine the project site receives in a year.
• The mounting and orientation of the system (i.e., flat, fixed-tilt, tracking,
etc.).
• The spacing between PV panels as expressed in terms of system ground
coverage ratio (GCR).
• The energy harvest of the PV panel (i.e., performance sensitivity to high
temperatures, sensitivity to low or diffuse light, etc.).
• System losses from soiling, transformers, inverters, and wiring
inefficiencies.
• System availability largely driven by inverter downtime.
4.3 PV power plant capacity factor
The capacity factor, a standard methodology used in the utility industry to
measure the productivity of energy generating assets, is a key driver of a solar
power plant’s economics.
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42. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
A PV power plant’s capacity factor is a function of the insulation at the project
location, the performance of the PV panel (primarily as it relates to high-
temperature performance), and the orientation of the PV panel to the sun, the
system electrical efficiencies, and the availability of the power plant to produce
power.
4.4 Selection of Inverter and Components
For a complete reliable system and to ensure high energy yield from the plant,
innovative components with latest technology are selected. The inverter that is
selected is of very high efficiency over a wide range of load. The inverter
operates in excess of 95.0% efficiency in comparison with the requested of 93%
efficiency.
Design lifetime of the inverter is at 35,000 hours with rated power at 40°C. This
is approximately 4.8 hours at full load per day to estimate the lifetime of 20
years.
4.5 Selection of Monitoring System
Monitoring system requirement for a large power plant like 5 MW with state of
the art technology, monitoring and analysis of is carried out. Few features are
of the monitoring system are presented as follows:
• Monitors the performance of the entire power plant (string wise
monitoring, junction boxes, inverters, etc)
• Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal/actual value), quantity of DC Power
& AC Power produced.
• Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also
measures the module back surface temperature.
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43. Detailed Project Report on 5 MW SPV based power plant at Veerapuram, Anantapur district. Andhra Pradesh
• Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components,
like module string/ diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,)
to facilitate recognition and correction of the fault with minimum
downtime.
• Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via Control
Center PC Software (diagnosis on site or remote)
• Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing
• Stores and visualizes energy yield data (for life of the plant) in the Portal
from where the data can be accessed remotely.
4.6 Design criteria for Cables and Junction boxes and
The power plant will adopt the best engineering practice for complete cable
routing in the power plant by using minimal cable length while connecting in
series string, using optimal size cables to ensure the entire plant cable losses
are minimum.
The junction boxes proposed are completely pre-wired to ensure ease of
installation, maintenance and eliminates any installation hassles. These junction
boxes not only combine the DC power from strings but also monitor each string
performance and feed the same data to the central monitoring system.
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