mechanical engineering

1. Cyclone and Tsunami Risk
Mitigation Measures in
India
Presented by
CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P.
Asst. Prof. (SG)
SRM University
CT.Lakshmanan

2. Earthquake,
Oct, 2005
MAJOR DISASTERS
(1980-2005)
Avalanche
Feb 2005
Earthquake
Uttarkashi,
20 Oct 1991,
Chamoli, 23
April 1999
Flood, Assam
& Bihar 2004
Bhuj,
Earthquake,
26 January,
2001
Bhopal Gas
Tragedy, Dec
1982
Earthquake,
Latur, 30
Sept 1993
S Cyclone
29 Oct
1999
Tsunami
26 Dec 2004
Floods,
Mumbai,
26 July
2005
Tsunami
26 Dec
2004
Tsunami
26 Dec
2004
CT.Lakshmanan

3. Recent Disasters in India (1990-2005)
YEAR
PLACES
&
DISASTER
LOSS OF LIVES
(APPROX)
LOSS OF PROPERTY
( Rs Crore) APPROX)
1991
Uttarkashi
Earthquake
2000
2000
1993
Latur
Earthquake
9500
6000
1997
Jabalpur
Earthquake
200
5000
1999
Chamoli
Earthquake
2000
2000
1999
Orissa
Super Cyclone
9887
10000
2001
Bhuj
Earthquake
14000
13400
2004
SE India
Tsunami
15000
10000
2004
Assam & Bihar
Floods
700
5000
2005
J&K
Avalanche
350
100
2005
Mah, Guj, HP,
Karnataka, T’Nadu
Floods
1569
10300
2005
J&K
Earthquakes
1336
1000
Total Losses of Major Disasters only
56542
64800
CT.Lakshmanan

4. India is vulnerable to a large number of
disasters
•
Approx. 60% of the landmass is prone to Earthquakes
• Approx.12% (About 40 million hectares of land) is prone to flood
and river erosion.
• Approx. 68% of the cultivable area is vulnerable to
drought//landslides/avalanches
• About 5770 km of coastline out of a total 7516 km is prone to
Cyclone and Tsunami
CT.Lakshmanan

5. Vulnerability is increasing with
• Rising population
• Haphazard Urbanization
• Developments in High-Risk zones
• Environmental Degradation
• Climate Change etc.
CT.Lakshmanan

6. Tsunami Damage
CT.Lakshmanan

7. Tsunami Damage
CT.Lakshmanan

8. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM
Disaster
Strikes
CT.Lakshmanan

9. Disaster Management Cycle
Organisations Involved

Prevention
Research Institutions (Sponsored Research)
Ministry of Earth Science (IMD, DOD, DST)
Ministry of Water Resources
Ministry of Agriculture

Mitigation
Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF and
other related ministries and departments)
State Govt. (Various Departments)
District/Local Administration and NGO’s

Preparedness
Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF)
State Govt.
District/Local Administration and NGO’s
CT.Lakshmanan

10. Disaster Management Cycle
Cont.
Organisations Involved

Response
Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA)
State Govt.
District/Local Administration and NGO’s

Relief
Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA)
State Govt.
District/Local Administration and NGO’s



Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Long term Recovery
Central Govt. (Integrated efforts of
various ministries and departments)
State Govt.
District/Local Administration and NGO’s
Central Govt. (Integrated efforts of
various ministries and departments)
State Govt.
District/Local Administration and NGO’s
Central, State, Local Govt. and NGO’s
CT.Lakshmanan

11. Disasters offer a unique opportunity to
learn where we have gone wrong….
Preparedness and Mitigation of Disasters is
the most important part of Disaster
Management while strengthening our
response capabilities
CT.Lakshmanan

12. Disaster Mitigation
Natural Hazards cannot be prevented, however with mitigation
measures the effects/damages could be reduced
India’s three pronged approach 
Mitigation measures integrated with the ongoing developmental
projects

National-level mitigation projects in high priority areas
(Initiated by NDMA with the help of all concerned ministries,
departments and states)

State-level mitigation projects
(Assistance in guidelines, plans and implementation by NDMA)
CT.Lakshmanan

13. CT.Lakshmanan

14. Mitigation Measures
• Integrated multi-hazard approach
(emphasis on cyclone and tsunami risk in coastal areas)
• Early warning system for cyclones and tsunamis
• Evacuation plans
(with emphasis on self reliance for sustenance with the coastal community)
• Capacity building
• Training of all concerned
• Public awareness programmes
• Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Analysis
• Risk Identification, zoning and mapping
CT.Lakshmanan

15. Mitigation Measures Cont.
Structural Mitigation Measures
 Seawalls and
Coral reefs
 Tsunami breakwaters
(to provide cushion against Tsunami and
Cyclone)
 Increasing the river dike height
 Tsunami and Cyclone Shelters (safe places to flee)
 Evacuation routes identification
CT.Lakshmanan

16. Mitigation Measures Cont.
Structural Mitigation Measures

Permanent structures strictly according to BIS codes

Retrofitting of vulnerable structures for tsunami/cyclone resistance

Retrofitting of important buildings
I. Fire stations / police stations/ army structures/ hospitals
II. VIP residences / offices/ railways, airport, etc.
III. Schools/colleges
IV. Hazardous industries
V. Other critical structures (i.e. power stations, warehouses, oil and other
storage tanks etc)
CT.Lakshmanan

17. Mitigation Measures Cont.
Non-Structural Mitigation Measures
 Education
 Public Awareness
 Information
 Risk Communication
 Training to all concerned
(Govt. officials, search and rescue workers, volunteers, women, children, elderly,
local community as a whole)
CT.Lakshmanan

18. Mitigation Measures Cont.
Non-Structural Mitigation Measures
 Coastal regulations Zone Act – Strict implementation
(no
development within 500 m of the high tide line with elevation of less than 10 m above
m.s.l)
 Land use Zoning in accordance with CRZ
 Natural Bioshields (Mangroves) and shelterbelt plantations
(Casuarina)
 Maintaining Natural Sand dunes
 Maintaining and promoting beach development
CT.Lakshmanan

19. Mitigation Measures Cont.
Non-Structural Mitigation Measures
 Risk transfer in highly vulnerable areas (Insurance)
 Network of local knowledge centers along the coast lines
( Training and Emergency communication)
 Reducing Vulnerability
 Diverse Livelihood options
 Micro Finance
 Empowerment
 Gender sensitive development
CT.Lakshmanan

20. ERS – RADAR
IMAGE
TSUNAMI INUNDATION IN
NAGAPATTINAM COAST
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21. RIVERS / CREEKS
AS CARRIERS OF TSUNAMI WAVES
PATHS TO BE KEPT FREE
& BANKS TO HAVE STONE
EMBANKMENTS
CT.Lakshmanan

22. Radial Drains ---
PALAEO
/PRESENT
BACKWATERS &
TIDAL FLATS-----ACCOMODATORS
Aforestation ---Promotion of Bird Sanctuaries
NAGAPATTINAM
CT.Lakshmanan

23. BEACH AS ABSORBERS - MARINA BEACH, CHENNAI
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24. Reconstruction in Andaman
Stilt Type
Non-Stilt Type
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25. Reconstruction in Andaman
Source: www.and.nic.in
Online Monitoring System of Construction of Permanent shelters for Tsunami victims
CT.Lakshmanan

26. Reconstruction in Cuddlore
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27. Thank You
CT.Lakshmanan