A business plan is a written document that describes a business, how it will achieve its goals, and its financial projections. It is typically 25-35 pages and serves as a tool to communicate the business idea to potential investors and obtain financing. The key sections of a business plan include an executive summary, company description, industry and market analysis, marketing plan, management team, operations plan, financial projections, and appendices. An effective business plan convincingly answers questions about the business opportunity, product or service, target market, costs, potential profits, investment needs, and risks.

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Chapter 4
Writing a
Business Plan

2. What Is a Business Plan?
Business Plan
A written document that describes in detail how a new business is
going to achieve its goals…A business plan layout a written plan
from a marketing, financial and operational viewpoint..
A business plan is a written description, typically 25 to 35 pages
long, that describes what a new business idea/plan to accomplish.
Dual-Use Document
For most new ventures, the business plan is a dual-purpose
document used both inside and outside the firm.
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3. Why Reads the Business Plan—And What Are They
Looking For?
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There are two primary audience for a firm’s business plan
Audience What They are Looking For
A Firm’s
Employees
Investors and
other external
stakeholders
A clearly written business plan helps the
employees of a firm to operate and move forward
in a consistent and purposeful manner.
A firm’s business plan must make the case that the
firm is a good use of an investor’s funds or the
attention of others.

4. What are the forms of a Business Plan?
Document
Sample
Slides
Film
Demonstration
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5. Benefits/Reasons for Writing a Business Plan
Initial planning document for a new business.
Serves as a tool to communicate the idea of the new venture to
potential investors, bankers, key employees.
Serves as a record to monitor and compare results.
 To obtain bank financing.
 To obtain investment funds.
 To establish strategic alliances.
 To obtain initial contracts.
 To attract key employees.
To motivate and focus your management team

6. Questions a start-up business plan should answer
The plan is meant to be read by potential finance providers (banks etc) or business
owners /shareholders. So it ought to provide convincing and realistic answers to
questions such as:
•What is the business idea or opportunity?
•What is the product and how is it different or unique?
•What is the target market segment and who are the potential competitors?
•How large is the target market and is it growing?
•Who are the customers; how much will they buy and at what price?
•What will it cost to produce and sell the product?
•Can the product be made and/or sold profitably?
•At what stage will the business break-even and what are the likely profits?
•What investment is required to launch and establish the business?
•Where will the money come from?
•What are the main risks facing the business and how to handle them?

7. Types/ level of Business Plans

8. What Should a Business Plan Contain?
1.Title Page
2.Table of Contents
3.Executive Summary and Fact Sheet
4.Body of the Plan
The Company description
The Product/Service Offering
Industry Analysis
Market Analysis
The Marketing Plan
The Production/Operations Plan
The Management Team
Implementation Schedule and Risks Associated with the Venture
The Financial Plan
5.Appendices

9. Section 1: Executive Summary
Executive Summary
The executive summary is a short overview of the entire
business plan
It provides a busy reader with everything that needs to be
known about the new venture’s distinctive nature.
An executive summary shouldn’t exceed two single-space
pages.
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10. Section 2: Company Description
Company Description
The main body of the business plan beings with a general
description of the company.
Items to include in this section:
 Company description.
 Company history.
 Mission statement.
 Products and services.
 Current status.
 Legal status and ownership.
 Key partnerships (if any).
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11. Section 3: Industry Analysis
Industry Analysis
This section should being by describing the industry the
business will enter in terms of its size, growth rate, and sales
projections.
Items to include in this section:
 Industry size, growth rate, and sales projections.
 Industry structure.
 Key success factors.
 Long-term prospects.
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12. Section 4: Market Analysis
Market Analysis
The market analysis breaks the industry into segments and
zeros in on the specific segment (or target market) to which
the firm will try to appeal.
Items to include in this section:
 Market segmentation and target market selection.
 Buyer behavior.
 Competitor analysis.
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13. Section 5: Marketing Plan
Marketing Plan
The marketing plan focuses on how the business will
market and sell its product or service.
Items to include in this section:
 Overall marketing strategy.
 Product, price, promotions, and distribution.
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14. Section 6: Management Team and Company
Structure
Management Team and Company Structure
The management team of a new venture typically consists
of the founder or founders and a handful of key
management personnel.
Items to include in this section:
 Management team.
 Board of directors.
 Board of advisers.
 Company structure.
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15. Section 7: Operations Plan
Operations Plan
Outlines how your business will be run and how your
product or service will be produced.
Items to include in this section:
 Business location.
 Facilities and equipment etc.
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16. Section 8: Product (or Service) Design and
Development Plan
Product (or Service) Design and Development Plan
If you’re developing a completely new product or service,
you need to include a section that focuses on the status of
your development efforts.
Items to include in this section:
 Development status and tasks.
 Challenges and risks.
 Intellectual property.
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17. Section 9: Financial Projections
Financial Projections
The final section of a business plan presents a firm’s pro
forma (or projected) financial projections.
Items to include in this section:
 Sources and uses of funds statement.
 Assumptions sheet.
 Pro forma income statements.
 Pro forma balance sheets.
 Pro forma cash flows.
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18. Presenting the Business Plan to Investors
The Oral Presentation
The first rule in making an oral presentation is to follow
directions. If you’re told you have 15 minutes, don’t talk for
more than the allotted time.
The presentation should be smooth and well-rehearsed.
The slides should be sharp and not cluttered.
Questions and Feedback to Expect from Investors
The smart entrepreneur has a good idea of the questions that
will be asked, and will be prepared for those queries.
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19. Presenting the Business Plan to Investors
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Twelve PowerPoint Slides to Include in an Investor Presentation
1. Title Slide
2. Problem
3. Solution
4. Opportunity and target market
5. Technology
6. Competition
7. Marketing and sales
8. Management team
9. Financial projections
10. Current status
11. Financing sought
12. Summary

20. Presenting the Business Plan to Investors
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• It’s also important to
look sharp when
presenting a business
plan.
• This new venture team
is going over its
PowerPoint slides one
last time before an
investor presentation.