UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
African genocide ppt
1. Warm-up
• Describe a time when you have been treated
unfairly based on age, race, or sex. What
happened? How did it make you feel?
• If this has never happened to you, describe
a time you witnessed it. How did it make
you feel?
6. - Killing members of the group
- Causing bodily or mental harm to group
members
- Imposing measures intended to prevent
births
- Forcibly transferring children from one
group to another
INCLUDES ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:
12. RWANDA
- Began in April of 1994
- Rival ethnic groups clash, Hutu (80%)
and Tutsi (19%)
- Belgians originally took the side of the
Tutsi calling them a
“superior people”
- Thus, Hutus served
the Tutsis
13. - Rwandan Hutu President Habyarimana’s
plane is shot down from a still-mysterious
missile.
-Hutu extremists quickly
seize control of
the government.
RWANDA
14. • Hutu gunmen systematically start tracking
down and killing moderate Hutu politicians
and Tutsi leaders.
RWANDA
15. • The U.S. decides to evacuate all
Americans.
• Canadian General Romeo
Dallaire, head of the U.N.
peacekeeping force in
Rwanda, is told by
headquarters not to intervene
and to avoid armed conflict.
RWANDA
16. • Front page stories newspaper
stories cite reports of "tens of
thousands" dead and "a pile of
corpses six feet high" outside a
main hospital.
RWANDA
17. -The machete was very commonly used
during the killings
- very cheap & difficult to track
RWANDA
18. -Over 800,000 Rwandans killed in only 100
days
- Nearly 10% of
the population
-Women who weren’t killed were often
assaulted by HIV+ men, thus infecting them
with the disease
RWANDA
19.
20. • 100 days later Tutsi forces captured
Kigali. The Hutu government flees to DR
Congo (Zaire).
RWANDA
21. 2 million Hutu refugees flee, many head
west to DR Congo
RWANDA
22. -Today, Rwanda is one of
the poorest nations in the
world
- 60% live below the
poverty line
RWANDA TODAY
23. -The population is extremely young, over
50% under 18 yrs. old
-Thousands of children orphaned after
the genocide
RWANDA TODAY
27. Sudan
• The largest nation in
Africa
• Capital–Khartoum
•Sudan was a British
colony governed by
the Britain and its
Egyptian neighbors.
28. Sudan
•Under its rule, Britain
governed Sudan as two
separate countries – in the
North and in the South
• Sudan achieved
independence in 1956
and has been beset by
civil conflict since that
time.
29. Sudan
•1955-1972 and 1983-2005
Civil War
•Sudan’s oil exports are
growing
•Wealth is concentrated in
Khartoum and in the hands of
the ruling elite.
•The dramatically inequitable
distribution of resources has
helped to fuel unrest and create
grievances within populations.
36. Darfur
The Darfur region is
about the size of
Darfur is in the
Western region of
Sudan and shares a
border with Chad
and the Central
African Republic.
41. The
•The government is now allegedly using the
“Janjaweed” to fight back
•“Armed men on horseback”
•Destroying villages, killing inhabitants,
raping women
42.
43. Countless villages have been burned, their
wells poisoned, and their livestock killed in
a systematic “scorched earth” campaign.
45. The attacks have forced people out
of their villages. Parents are forced to
leave children behind.
46. - An estimated around 300,000 have been
killed
- Another 2.5 million have fled their homes to
neighboring Chad
- They are now living in refugee camps in the
southern Sahara. This population is almost
entirely reliant upon the humanitarian relief effort.
47. From the United Nations:
The conflict in the Darfur region is
“the greatest humanitarian
catastrophe”
in the world today.
48. The victims are from the Fur,
Zaghawa, Massalit, and other
non-Arab African tribes.
49. Nijah, 4, and Nibraz, 13 months, fled from
their village after their parents, uncle and
older brother were either killed or went
50. These boys made a toy truck out of
cardboard, plastic, and an old sandal
they found in their refugee camp.
51. •Thousands are killed
every month. At least
12,000 families were
displaced during July
2007.
•Clashes between
rebels and
government troops in
the western region
have displaced 40,000
people in January
Attacks Continue
52. •The Humanitarian Effort is straining
under the pressures of the massive
dependent population and the lack of
security in 2/3 of the region.
53. •The two rebel movements in Darfur have
multiplied and splintered into over a dozen
different groups with different agendas and no
coherent common demands slowing
international peace negotiations.
54. A Glimmer of Hope,
A Window of Opportunity
• On July 31st,
2007, the United Nations passed
resolution 1769 authorizing 26,000 troops for a
hybrid U.N.-A.U. operation in Darfur.
• The Government of Sudan agreed to accept
U.N. peacekeepers for Darfur.
55. • An International Criminal Court
prosecutor sought to indict Sudan's
President Omar Hassan al-Bashir in 2011
on charges of genocide, war crimes and
crimes against humanity committed in
Darfur.
61. “How can a citizen of a free country not
pay attention? How can anyone, anywhere
not feel outraged? How can a person,
whether religious or secular, not be moved
by compassion? And above all, how can
anyone who remembers remain silent?"
- Elie Wiesel
62. June 2005
Sudan 10 0 5 47 41 103
“Runaway
Bride” 45 38 85 36 98 302
Michael
Jackson 468 614 526 878 1,753 4,239
TOTAL
Tom
Cruise 190 321 352 199 213 1,275
TARGET YOUR MEDIA
source: www.beawitness.org
63. Major genocides of the 20th
century
• The Herero Genocide, Namibia, 1904-05
Death toll: 60,000 (3/4 of the population)
– I, the great general of the German troops, send this letter to the
Herero people... All Hereros must leave this land... Any Herero
found within the German borders with or without a gun, with or
without cattle, will be shot. I shall no longer receive any women
or children; I will drive them back to their people or have them
fired upon. This is my decision for the Herero people.
– When the order was lifted at the end of 1904, prisoners were
herded into concentration camps and given as slave laborers to
German businesses. Many prisoners died of overwork and
malnutrition.
64. Major genocides of the 20th
century
• The Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire,
1915-23
Death toll: Up to 1.5 million
– the deliberate and systematic destruction of the
Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during
and just after World War I.
• Massacres
• deportations involving forced
marches under conditions
designed to lead to the
death of the deportees
65. Major genocides of the 20th
century
• The Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933
Death toll: 7 million
– a famine in the Ukrainian SSR during which millions of
people starved to death as a result of the economic and
trade policies instituted by the government of Joseph
Stalin.
– There were no natural causes for starvation and in fact,
Ukraine—unlike other Soviet
Republics—enjoyed a bumper
wheat crop in 1932.
66. Major genocides of the 20th
century
• The Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938
Death toll: 300,000 (50% of the pop)
– a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the
city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the
Republic of China.
– During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians
were murdered and 20,000–80,000 women were raped
by soldiers of the
Imperial Japanese Army.
67. Major genocides of the 20th
century
• The World War II Holocaust, Europe, 1942-45
Death toll: 6 million Jews, and millions of
others
68. Major genocides of the 20th
century
• The Cambodian Genocide, 1975-79
Death toll: 2 million
–Millions of Cambodians
accustomed to city life
were now forced into
slave labor in Pol Pot's
"killing fields" where they
soon began dying from
overwork, malnutrition
and disease, on a diet of
one tin of rice (180
grams) per person every
two days.
69. Major genocides of the 20th
century
• The East Timor Genocide , 1975- 1999
Death toll: 120,000 (20% of the population)
• The Mayan Genocide, Guatemala, 1981-83
Death toll: Tens of thousands
• Iraq, 1988
Death toll: 50-100,000
• The Bosnian Genocide, 1991-1995
Death toll: 8,000
• The Rwandan Genocide , 1994
Death toll: 800,000
• The Darfur Genocide, Sudan , 2003-present
Death toll: debated. 100,000? 300,000? 500,000?
74. 8 Stages of Genocide
Not necessarily chronological—many could happen at
the same time!
1. CLASSIFICATION (“Us” vs. “Them”)
2. SYMBOLIZATION (names or symbols)
3. DEHUMANIZATION (denying targeted group’s
humanity)
4. ORGANIZATION (formal or informal plans)
5. POLARIZATION (remove middle: “with us or
against us”)
6. PREPARATION (identify or separate victims)
7. EXTERMINATION (murder of victims
8. DENIAL (cover up murders or blame the victims)
Notes de l'éditeur
But, first…an exercise of free-association: when you see this word, what comes to mind?
So: who can tell me what’s happening in Darfur?
Ok. So we can all agree that what is happening is terrible. Here are some of the “vital signs” of the crisis.
“4 million…dependent…” – the population in Darfur is around 7 million
Researches presenting at a conference on charitable giving at Princeton University indicated that individuals are more likely to comprehend, connect, and respond to an individual image or story than to statistics – no matter how overwhelming – about human suffering on a massive scale. It is hard to wrap our minds around the individual suffering of 4 million – nearly twice Manhattan’s population. As a result, I want to share with you the story of Rashida Abbas from Darfur from the article “Dying in Darfur” written by Samantha Power for New Yorker magazine.
“I noticed a woman who was sitting nearby with a child on each side of her. She was trying to stir millet over a fire, but she had no wood and was having little luck using grass to make a flame. Both children looked extremely weak; their legs were bone thin, and pus caked around the eyes of one child. The woman, Rashida Abbas, came from Kailek, a town a few hours away; in March, Rashida said, more than a hundred men had been summarily executed there, including her husband. She had six children before the conflict, but only four had survived.
When the janjaweed came, Abbas told me, her oldest child, a boy, had run ahead of her. She had carried her infant on her back, and she had taken one of her girls in each hand. This hadn’t left her with a free hand for either of her younger sons, five-year-old Adam Muhammed and seven-year-old Hassan Muhammed. They trailed behind as the Arab soldiers threw matches onto the roofs of the huts. An Arab militiaman suddenly grabbed the boys, and Abbas pleaded that they be released. The gunman warned her that if she didn’t shut up, all of her children would be killed. She backed away as instructed, but as she did so the man threw five-year-old Adam into the fire. “Mama, Mama!” he shouted, as the flames consumed him. Hassan, his older brother, briefly escaped his captor’s grasp, but as he ran toward his mother he was shot in the back twice and died instantly.”
So now I am going to give you some background and history of the crisis…
I expect that many of you already know some of this information, but, remember, we want to prepare you to lead your communities and that includes educating them about the crisis, perhaps by doing a presentation like this one.
Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It is bordered by nine different countries.
The capital of Sudan is Khartoum.
Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors. Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan essentially as two separate countries – in the North and in the South
Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict virtually since that time.
The First Sudanese Civil War between the North and the South lasted from 1955-1972.
The conflict was reignited in 1983 when the Second Sudanese Civil War began. It did not end until 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, a still tenuous peace threatened by continued violence in Darfur. Around 2 million civilians were killed in this conflict.
General Omar El Bashir has lead the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and the authoritarian Government of Sudan since taking power in a military coup in 1989.
As a result of Sudan’s growing oil exports, its economy is booming. Sudan is one of the fastest growing economies in all of Africa and even in the world. Wealth, in Sudan, is concentrated in the capital, Khartoum, and in the hands of the ruling elite and the demographics that they represent and support. The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources in demand has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within marginalized populations.
Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It is bordered by nine different countries.
The capital of Sudan is Khartoum.
Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors. Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan essentially as two separate countries – in the North and in the South
Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict virtually since that time.
The First Sudanese Civil War between the North and the South lasted from 1955-1972.
The conflict was reignited in 1983 when the Second Sudanese Civil War began. It did not end until 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, a still tenuous peace threatened by continued violence in Darfur. Around 2 million civilians were killed in this conflict.
General Omar El Bashir has lead the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and the authoritarian Government of Sudan since taking power in a military coup in 1989.
As a result of Sudan’s growing oil exports, its economy is booming. Sudan is one of the fastest growing economies in all of Africa and even in the world. Wealth, in Sudan, is concentrated in the capital, Khartoum, and in the hands of the ruling elite and the demographics that they represent and support. The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources in demand has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within marginalized populations.
Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It is bordered by nine different countries.
The capital of Sudan is Khartoum.
Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors. Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan essentially as two separate countries – in the North and in the South
Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict virtually since that time.
The First Sudanese Civil War between the North and the South lasted from 1955-1972.
The conflict was reignited in 1983 when the Second Sudanese Civil War began. It did not end until 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, a still tenuous peace threatened by continued violence in Darfur. Around 2 million civilians were killed in this conflict.
General Omar El Bashir has lead the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and the authoritarian Government of Sudan since taking power in a military coup in 1989.
As a result of Sudan’s growing oil exports, its economy is booming. Sudan is one of the fastest growing economies in all of Africa and even in the world. Wealth, in Sudan, is concentrated in the capital, Khartoum, and in the hands of the ruling elite and the demographics that they represent and support. The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources in demand has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within marginalized populations.
Darfur is in the Western region of Sudan and shares a border with Chad and the Central African Republic.
The situation in Sudan and Chad is “the largest and most complex humanitarian problem on the globe,” according to the United Nations.
* The conflict began in February 2003 when two rebel groups based in Darfur – the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) – took up arms against the government, attacking a police station in Al-Fashir, in an effort to secure greater influence and resources for the region.
* In response and in keeping with its “divide and destroy” policy, the Government of Sudan armed, trained, and directed proxy militias to do the bulk of the work in attacking – with the objective of clearing the region of – the civilian populations that the rebel groups claimed to represent. The Sudanese Army provided command instructions as well as aerial and some ground support to Khartoum’s proxy militias.
These militias, known as the Janjaweed, have for four years terrorized the people of Darfur (those from the Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit tribes) feeding off of what they can loot from villages they attack as their pay with the blessing of the Government of Sudan. The Government of Sudan worked to exacerbate perceptions of ethnic differences (though all parties to the conflict identify as Muslim) by promoting “anti-African” and “pro-Arab” policies and manipulated existing tensions between tribes over competition for scarce resources strained further by decades of desertification, population growth, and the changing climate in order to create a brutal and unaccountable force motivated by hatred and greed. Though some tensions related to ethnicity and resources existed prior to the crisis in Darfur beginning in 2003, the Government of Sudan used these tensions as a tool to fuel the flames of its murderous campaign in Darfur.
The Janjaweed have worked to systematically clear the region of the so-called “African” tribes, murdering, raping, burning, and pillaging their way across the region, frequently hurling racial epithets and insults in the midst of their attacks.
Though the Government of Sudan has promised to disarm the Janjaweed on numerous occasions, the distinction between the objectives of these militias and official government policy has blurred and Khartoum continues to funnel weaponry into the region and to these militias.
The Janjaweed spend days going through communities – sometimes home to tens of thousands – and burning the huts one by one to ensure that for those who do survive, there is nothing left to call home.
President Bush, Secretary of State Condaleeza Rice, Former Secretary of State Colin Powell, and the U.S. Congress have called the ongoing crisis in Darfur genocide.
It has been about three years since Colin Powell first testified before the Security Council on September 9th, 2004 that mass atrocities were occurring in Darfur. The United States has not done enough to stop these horrendous crimes.
In the chaos of fleeing from air strikes and attackers on horseback, families get separated and parents are forced to leave their children behind.
Darfur means “Homeland of the Fur People”
The baby is malnourished.
“The Humanitarian Effort”… The situation is grave. Millions hang on by a very tenuous thread.
“Almost 2/3”…aid convoys are attacked by rebels and the Janjaweed alike for supplies and to exert their control over parts of the region.
In June, Oxfam – a key provider of essential humanitarian services in Darfur – was forced to permanently pull out of Gereida, Darfur’s largest IDP camp due to security risks and direct attacks on humanitarian aid workers.
“The Humanitarian Effort”… The situation is grave. Millions hang on by a very tenuous thread.
“Almost 2/3”…aid convoys are attacked by rebels and the Janjaweed alike for supplies and to exert their control over parts of the region.
In June, Oxfam – a key provider of essential humanitarian services in Darfur – was forced to permanently pull out of Gereida, Darfur’s largest IDP camp due to security risks and direct attacks on humanitarian aid workers.
There are some important reasons to be optimistic about recent progress in the diplomatic and political processes with regards to Darfur. In all of these cases, these hopeful signs remain mere possibilities for delivering a real change in the situation on the ground in Darfur.
“The United Nations”…the U.N. passed a similar resolution (1706) 11 months earlier conditioned on Sudan’s consent to peacekeepers, yet no new protections were realized for the people of Darfur and the peacekeeping mission was not deployed. The authorized hybrid operation will likely take 18 months to be fully deployed.
“The Government of”…Sudan has a long, well documented history of backtracking on its commitments and breaking its promises. Darfur advocates are skeptical that GoS will stick to this commitment. See http://www.savedarfur.org/pages/bashir_lies_darfur_dies/.
Nobel Peace Prize Winner and Holocaust Survivor Elie Wiesel says…so we can all agree that we have a responsibility to stop it too.
Where did you hear/learn about Darfur?...
…not from the news! Here are figures from television news coverage of the conflict as compared with other news events in June 2005.
During the entire month of June 2005, the major network and cable news stations—broadcasting 24 hours a day, 7 days a week— aired only 126 segments on Sudan.
In contrast, these same stations aired a combined 8303 segments on the “runaway bride”, the Michael Jackson trial, and Tom Cruise.
Major news media aired 65 times as many segments on these trivial matters as it did on the fighting and genocide in Sudan.
Roughly three-quarters of Americans state that they get their information from broadcast or cable television.
Put simply, if television does not cover the genocide in Sudan, it does not exist in the minds of many Americans.
Thinking back to what Elie Wiesel said, how can someone be outraged or moved by compassion if they don’t really know what’s happening? As community leaders, you will need to be put energy into first educating yourself, second educating your community, and finally finding ways to broadcast your activities – your concern, your sense of urgency – to as many people as possible through all types of media.
