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Noor-Book.com لغة C الشامل 2 .pdf
- 7. ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﻮﻝ ................................................................. ............................ ١٨ ﺍ ﳌﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ................................................................ ................................... ١٩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ – ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ C ........................................................................... ١,١ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺔ .................................................... ............................. ٢٢ ١,٢ ﺍﻟﺒ ﻣﻊ ﺪﺀ ﻟﻐﺔ C .................................................................................. ٢٥ ١,٣ ﺍ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭ ﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ Variables and Constants ........................ ............................. ٣٤ ١,٤ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ Comments ............................... ............... ............................. ٤٥ ١,٥ ﺍ ﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ input .......................... ......... .................. ............................. ٤٨ ١,٦ ﺍ ﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ Operators ......................................................................... .... ٥١ ١,٧ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ if, else, else…if ........................................... ............................ ٦٠ ١,٨ ﻋ ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻐﺔ C ........................................................ ............................ ٦٤ ١,٩ ﻣ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻠﺨﺺ .................... ........................................... ٦٩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ – ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ C ) ٢ ( ..................................................................... .. ٢,١ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ Switch ..................................................................... .............. ٨١ ٢,٢ ﺣ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻠﻘﺎﺕ Repeated loop ..................................... ............................. ٨٦ ٢,٣ ﺍ ﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ Arrays .................................................. ........................... ١٠٠ ٢,٤ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ Pointers ............................. .................... ........................... ١١٤ ٢,٥ ﺍ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ Functions .................................................. ........................... ١٢٥ ٢,٦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ Header files ............................................... .................... ١٣٥ ٢,٧ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ Files I/O ............................. ........................... ١٣٨ ٢,٨ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ structures ................................................ ........................... ١٤٧ ٢,٩ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺕ ............... ............................................... ١٥٧ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ – ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ C ......................................................................... ..... ٣,١ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ Enumeration .............................................. .......................... . ١٧٦ ٣,٢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ Command-line Arguments .................... ........................... ١٨٢ ٣,٣ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ Directives(Preprocessor) ............................... ........................... ١٨٥ ٣,٤ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ..................... ................... ........................... ١٩٢ ٣,٥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ Standard Library .................................... ........................... ١٩٥ ﺍﳋﺎﲤ ﺔ ........................................................................ ..................... ..... ٢٤١
- 9. ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﻮﻝ ..................... ......................................... ............................... ١٨ ﺍ ﳌﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ................................................................................................... ١٩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ – ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ C ........................................ ................................... ١,١ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ .................... ..... ........ .. ...................... ............................ ٢٢ ١,١,١ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﳏﺮﺭ texts editor ........................................ ............................. ٢٢ ١,١,٢ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ compiler ................................................. ............................ ٢٢ ١,١,٣ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻂ linker .................................................... ............................. ٢٤ ١,٢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ C ........................................... ............... ............................ ٢٥ ١,٢,١ ﺍﻷ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ............................................... ............................. ٢٩ ١,٢,٢ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ............................................................................. . ٣٢ ١,٢,٣ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ............................ ٣٣ ١,٣ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ Variables and Constants .............................................. ....... ٣٤ ١,٣,١ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻧﻮﻉ Variable Type ................... ..................... ............................. ٣٥ ١,٣,١,١ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ int ................................ ............................. ٣٥ ١,٣,١,٢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ float ............................................................. ٣٥ ١,٣,١,٣ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ double ........................................................... ٣٦ ١,٣,١,٤ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ short ......................... ............................... .. ٣٦ ١,٣,١,٥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ long ........................... . .............................. . ٣٦ ١,٣,١,٥ ﺍﻟ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﺮﻣﻮﺯ char ...................................................................... ٣٧ ١,٣,٢ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ Variable Name .................................................................... ٣٧ ١,٣,٣ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ Variable Value ....................................... .............................. ٣٧ ١,٣,٤ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ .............................................. ............................ ٣٧ ١,٣,٥ ﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺔ ............................ ...... ............................. ٤٠ ١,٣,٦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺔ .................................................. ............................ ٤٣ ١,٣,٧ ﲤﺎﺭﻳ ﻦ ............................................................................ ........... ٤٤ ١,٤ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ Comments ............................................... ............................ ٤٥ ١,٤,١ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ .................................................. ............................. ٤٥ ١,٤,٢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ .................................... .............. ............................ ٤٥ ١,٤,٢,١ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ................................ ............................ ٤٥ ١,٤,٢,٢ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ........................................................ ............. ٤٥ ١,٤,٣ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﱪﳎﻮﻥ ................................. ............................. ٤٦ ١,٤,٤ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ............................ ٤٦ ١,٤,٥ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ..................................................... ...... ............................ ٤٧ ١,٥ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ Input .................................... .......... ........... ............................ ٤٨ ١,٥,١ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................... .......................... ٥٠
- 10. ١,٥,٢ ﲤﺎ ﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ............................ ٥٠ ١,٦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ Operators .................................................... ............................ ٥١ ١,٦,١ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ arthimetic operators ........... ................ ............................. ٥١ ١,٦,١,١ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ increment (++) ........................................................... ٥١ ١,٦,١,٢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ decrement ) -- ( .......................................................... ٥٢ ١,٦,١,٣ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ) % ( ................................. ............................... . ٥٣ ١,٦,٢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ relational operators .......................................................... ٥٣ ١,٦,٣ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ logical operators ......................... .................................... ٥٤ ١,٦,٤ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ .................................................. ............................. ٥٥ ١,٦,٥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ) bitwize ( .................................. ............................ ٥٧ ١,٦,٦ ﺍﶈ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺘﻤﻠﺔ .................................................. ............................ ٥٩ ١,٦,٧ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ............................ ٥٩ ١,٧ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ if, else, else…if .................................. ..................................... . .. ٦٠ ١,٧,١ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ if ...................................................... ............................. ٦٠ ١,٧,٢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ else .................................................... ............................ ٦١ ١,٧,٣ ﺍﺳ ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ else…if ................................................. ............................ ٦٢ ١,٧,٤ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ............................ ٦٣ ١,٧,٥ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ............................................. .............. ............................ ٦٣ ١,٨ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ C .......................................................................... .............. ٦٤ ١,٨,١ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ Comments ............................................ ............................. ٦٤ ١,٨,٢ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ Keywords ..................................... ............................. ٦٤ ١,٨,٣ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺎﺕ Identifiers .................................................................... ...... ٦٤ ١,٨,٣,١ Trigraphs .................................... ............ ............................. ٦٥ ١,٨,٤ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ Constants ............................................... ............................ ٦٥ ١,٨,٤,١ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ............................................ ............................. ٦٦ ١,٨,٤,٢ ﺍﻟﺜ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻮﺍﺑﺖ ............................................ ............................ ٦٧ ١,٨,٥ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ Tokens ............................................................................. .. ٦٨ ١,٨,٦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ String literals ............................. ....... ............................ ٦٨ ١,٨,٧ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ............................ ٦٨ ١,٨,٨ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ............................ ٦٨ ١,٩ ﻟﻠ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻔﺼﻞ ...................................... ............................ ٦٩ ١,٩,١ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ .................................................................... ............ ٦٩ ١,٩,١,١ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻤﺮ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ .......................... ... ............................. ٦٩ ١,٩,١,٢ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺁﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ........................... ............................. ٧٠ ١,٩,١,٣ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ،ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ..................... ............................ ٧١ ١,٩,١,٤ ﺍﻟﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﺧﺬ ،ﺑﻊ ........................... ............................. ٧٢
- 11. ١,٩,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ putchar ﻭ getchar .......................................................... ......... ٧٢ ١,٩,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ puts ﻭ gets ............................................. . ............................ ٧٣ ١,٩,٤ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ wprintf ﻭ wscanf ........................................ ............................. ٧٤ ١,٩,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ putch ﻭ getch ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ getche ............................ ............................ ٧٤ ١,٩,٦ ﺍﶈ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺠﻮﺯﺓ wchar_t ......................................... ............................ ٧٦ ١,٩,٧ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ main ﻭ wmain ........................................... ...................... ٧٦ ١,٩,٨ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ....................................... . ............................. ٧٨ ١,٩,٩ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ............................ ٧٩ ١,٩,١٠ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ......................................................... ............................. ٧٩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ – ﺃ ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ C ) ٢ ( ........................................................................ ٢,١ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ Switch .......................................................... ............................ ٨١ ٢,١,١ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ case ............................. ............... ............................. ٨٣ ٢,١,٢ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ break ........................................... ............................. ٨٤ ٢,١,٢ ﻮﺯﺓﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ default .......................................... ............................... ٨٤ ٢,٨,٧ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ............................ ٨٤ ٢,٨,٨ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ............................ ٨٥ ٢,٢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ Repeated loop .................. ...................... ............................ ٨٦ ٢,٢,١ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ while ................... . ........................ ............................. ٨٦ ٢,٢,٢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ do…while ............... .. ............................................ ....... ٨٨ ٢,٢,٣ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ for .............................................. ............................. ٩٠ ٢,٢,٤ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ goto ..................... . ....................... ............................ ٩٢ ٢,٢,٥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ............... ...................... ............................. . ٩٣ ٢,٢,٧ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ continue ................. . ...................... ............................. ٩٧ ٢,٢,٨ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ASCII ............................. .. .................................. ............... ٩٨ ٢,٢,٩ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ............................ ٩٨ ٢,٢,١٠ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ......................................................... ............................. ٩٨ ٢,٣ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ Arrays .......................... ........................... ........................... ١٠٠ ٢,٣,١ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ .......................................... ........................... ١٠١ ٢,٣,٢ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ .......................................... ....................... ... ١٠٢ ٢,٣,٢ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ......................................... ........................... ١٠٤ ٢,٣,٣ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ .................................. ........................... ١٠٥ ٢,٣,٤ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ) ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ( ................. ..................... ........................... ١٠٦ ٢,٣,٤,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ gets ................................................ ........................... ١٠٩ ٢,٣,٤,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strcpy ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ strncpy ................................. ........................ ١٠٩ ٢,٣,٤,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strcat ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ strncat ............................... ........................... ١١٠ ٢,٣,٥ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﺮﻕ ....... . ........................ ........................... ١١١
- 12. ٢,٣,٦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ....................................... ........... ........................... ١١٢ ٢,٣,٧ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ........................... ١١٣ ٢,٤ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ Pointers ..................................................... .......................... ١١٤ ٢,٤,١ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ Pointer Type ........................................ ........................... ١١٤ ٢,٤,٢ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ Pointer Name ........................................ ........................... ١١٤ ٢,٤,٣ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ................................. .......... ........................... ١١٦ ٢,٤,٤ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ............................................. ........................... ١١٧ ٢,٤,٥ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ reference ................................................ ........................... ١٢٠ ٢,٤,٦ ﻟـ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ void .................................................. ........................... ١٢٠ ٢,٤,٧ ﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ................................................... ........................... ١٢١ ٢,٤,٨ ﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ................................................... .. ........................... ١٢٢ ٢,٤,٩ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ........................... ١٢٣ ٢,٤,١٠ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ......................................................... ........................... ١٢٣ ٢,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ Functions ...................................................... .......................... ١٢٥ ٢,٥,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ Function Type ........................................ ........................... ١٢٨ ٢,٥,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ Function Name ................................... .... ........................... ١٣١ ٢,٥,٣ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ Function Parameters ............................ .............................. ١٣١ ٢,٥,٤ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ .......................................................... ........................... ١٣١ ٢,٥,٥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﺕ macros ..................... ............. ............ ........................... ١٣٢ ٢,٥,٦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ...................................... ............................. ١٣٢ ٢,٥,٧ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ................................ .... .......................... . ١٣٢ ٢,٥,٨ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ........................... ١٣٣ ٢,٥,٩ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ........................... ١٣٤ ٢,٦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺔ Header files ........................................... ........................... ١٣٥ ٢,٦,١ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﻢ ..................................................................... ..... ١٣٦ ٢,٦,٢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﱴ ................................. ..... ........................... ١٣٦ ٢,٦,٣ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ .................................................. ........................... ١٣٦ ٢,٦,٤ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ........................... ١٣٧ ٢,٧ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ Files I/O ................................ .......................... ١٣٨ ٢,٧,١ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ........................................................ ................. ١٣٨ ٢,٧,١,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fopen ......................................... ..... ........................... ١٤٠ ٢,٧,١,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fclose .............................................. ........................... ١٤١ ٢,٧,١,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ exit ................................................ ........................... ١٤١ ٢,٧,٢ ﺎﻳ ﰲ ﻧﺺ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺔ ......................................... ........................... ١٤١ ٢,٧,٣ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ .......................................................... ............... ١٤٢ ٢,٧,٤ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ w+ ﻭ a+ ﻭ r+ ............................................ ..... ...................... ١٤٣
- 13. ٢,٧,٤,١ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ w+ ................................................ ........................... ١٤٣ ٢,٧,٤,٢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ a+ ................................................ ........................... ١٤٣ ٢,٧,٤,٣ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ r+ ..................... ............................ ........................... ١٤٣ ٢,٧,٥ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ..................................................... .. ١٤٣ ٢,٧,٥,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fprintf ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fscanf ............................... ........................... ١٤٣ ٢,٧,٥,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fgets ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fputs .................................. ........................... ١٤٤ ٢,٧,٥,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fgetc ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fputc ................................. ........................... ١٤٥ ٢,٧,٦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ............................ ...................... ........................... ١٤٦ ٢,٧,٧ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ............................................................................. ......... ١٤٦ ٢,٨ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ structures ................................................... ......................... . ١٤٧ ٢,٨,١ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ Struct Name .......................................... ........................... ١٤٧ ٢,٨,٢ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ union .......................... ............................ ١٥١ ٢,٨,٣ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ....... ........................ ........................... ١٥٣ ٣,٨,٤ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ............................................. ........................... ١٥٥ ٢,٨,٥ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ................................................................... ........ .. ١٥٥ ٢,٨,٦ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ........................... ١٥٦ ٢,٩ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ............................................................. .... ١٥٧ ٢,٩,١ ﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ void .............. .......................... ............................ ١٥٧ ٢,٩,٢ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ static .............................. . ............. ........................... ١٥٨ ٢,٩,٣ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ typedef ................................................. ............... .... ١٥٩ ٢,٩,٤ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ .................................................... ........................... ١٦١ ٢,٩,٤,١ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ..................................... ........................... ١٦١ ٢,٩,٤,٢ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﲔ ......... .. ....... ................... ........................... ١٦٢ ٢,٩,٤,٣ ﺛ ﻗﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻮﺍﺑﺖ ........................................ ........................... ١٦٣ ٢,٩,٤,٤ ﻧﺼﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻜﺲ ........................................................... ....... ١٦٣ ٢,٩,٤,٥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻞ ................ ........................... ١٦٤ ٢,٩,٤,٦ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ............ ........................... ١٦٤ ٢,٩,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ wcscpy ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ wcsncpy ................................... ... ........................ ١٦٥ ٢,٩,٦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ wcscat ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ wcsncat ................................... ........................... ١٦٦ ٢,٩,٧ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ getwchar ﻭ putwchar ......................................................... ....... ١٦٦ ٢,٩,٨ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ _getws ﻭ _putws .......................................... ........................... ١٦٧ ٢,٩,٩ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ASCII ) ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ( ........................................... ........................... ١٦٧ ٢,٩,١٠ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ................................... ........... ................ ١٦٨ ٢,٩,١٠,١ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ .......................................... ........................... ١٦٨ ٢,٩,١٠,٢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ) ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ( ...................................................... .... ١٦٩ ٢,٩,١٠,٣ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ extern ..... ............................. ........................... ١٦٩
- 14. ٢,٩,١٠,٤ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ auto .................................... ........................... ١٧٠ ٢,٩,١٠,٥ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ register ................................. ........................... ١٧١ ٢,٩,١١ ﺍﶈﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ sizeof ......................................... ............................ ١٧١ ٢,٩,١٢ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ......................................... .............................. ١٧٢ ٢,٩,١٣ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ..................... ................... ........................... ١٧٣ ٢,٩,١٤ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ................................................ ........................... ١٧٣ ٢,٩,١٥ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ......................................................... ........................... ١٧٣ ﺍ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ – ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ C .............................................................................. ٣,١ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ Enumeration ................................................. .......................... ١٧٦ ٣,١,١ ﺍﳊ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺴ ﺎ ﺏ Enumeration Name ........... ..................... ........................... ١٨٦ ٣,١,٢ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ .................................................. ........................... ١٨٦ ٣,١,٣ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ............................................................................ . ١٨٠ ٣,١,٤ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ........................... ١٨٠ ٣,٢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ Command-line Arguments ... ...................................... ..... ١٨٢ ٣,٢,١ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ .................... .................. ........................... ١٨٢ ٣,٢,٢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ....................................... ........................... ١٨٣ ٣,٢,٣ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ............................................................................. ١٨٤ ٣,٢,٤ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ........................................................... ........................... ١٨٤ ٣,٣ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ Directives(Preprocessor) ................................ ........................... ١٨٥ ٣,٣,١ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ #include .......................... ................................................ ١٨٥ ٣,٣,٢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ #define ........................................................................... ١٨٥ ٣,٣,٣ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ #undef ........................................................................... . . ١٨٦ ٣,٣,٤ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ #if ، #elif ، #else ﻭ #endif ..................................................... ١٨٧ ٣,٣,٥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ #ifdef ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭ #ifndef ............................................................ ١٨٧ ٣,٣,٦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ #line .................................. ............................................ ١٨٩ ٣,٣,٧ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ #error .................................................. ........................... ١٨٩ ٣,٣,٨ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ #pragma .......................................................................... ١٩٠ ٣,٣,٩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ Predefined Names ............................................................ ١٩٠ ٣,٣,١٠ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ........................................................................... ١٩٠ ٣,٣,١١ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ .......................................... .......................................... ١٩١ ٣,٤ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ...................................................................... ١٩٢ ٣,٤,١ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ............................................................................. ١٩٤ ٣,٤,٢ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ...................................................................................... ١٩٤ ٣,٥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ Standard Library ...................................... .......................... ١٩٥ ٣,٥,١ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ assert.h . . .................... ................................................ ١٩٥ ٣,٥,٢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ctype.h ...................................................................... ١٩٥
- 15. ٣,٥,٢,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isalnum .. . .................................................................... ١٩٥ ٣,٥,٢,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isalpha ....................................................................... ١٩٦ ٣,٥,٢,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ iscntrl ......................................................................... ١٩٦ ٣,٥,٢,٤ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isdigit ........................................ ................................ ١٩٧ ٣,٥,٢,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isgraph ....................................................................... ١٩٧ ٣,٥,٢,٦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ islower ....................................................................... ١٩٨ ٣,٥,٢,٧ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isprint . ....................................................................... ١٩٨ ٣,٥,٢,٨ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ispunct ....................................................................... ١٩٩ ٣,٥,٢,٩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isspace ............................................................ ........... ١٩٩ ٣,٥,٢,١٠ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isupper ..................................................................... ٢٠٠ ٣,٥,٢,١١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ isxdigit ..................................................................... ٢٠٠ ٣,٥,٢,١٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ toupper ﻭ tolower .......... ............................................... ٢٠١ ٣,٥,٣ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ errno.h ...................................................................... ٢٠١ ٣,٥,٣,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ perror ........................................................................ ٢٠١ ٣,٥,٤ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ float.h ....................................................................... ٢٠٤ ٣,٥,٥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ limits.h ...................................................................... ٢٠٤ ٣,٥,٦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ locale.h .............................. ........................................ ٢٠٥ ٣,٥,٧ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ math.h ...................................................................... ٢٠٥ ٣,٥,٧,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ sin ........................................................................... ٢٠٦ ٣,٥,٧,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ cos ........................................................................... ٢٠٦ ٣,٥,٧,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ tan ........................................................................... ٢٠٧ ٣,٥,٧,٤ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ exp ....................................................... .................... ٢٠٧ ٣,٥,٧,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ log ........................................................................... ٢٠٧ ٣,٥,٧,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ pow .......................................................................... ٢٠٨ ٣,٥,٧,٦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ sqrt ................. ......................................................... ٢٠٨ ٣,٥,٧,٧ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ceil ........................................................................... ٢٠٨ ٣,٥,٧,٨ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ floor ......................................................................... . ٢٠٩ ٣,٥,٧,٩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fabs .......................................................................... ٢٠٩ ٣,٥,٧,١٠ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ldexp ....................................................................... ٢٠٩ ٣,٥,٧,١١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fmod ..................................... .................................. ٢٠٩ ٣,٥,٨ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ setjmp.h ..................................................................... ٢١٠ ٣,٥,٩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ signal.h ........................................... ........................... ٢١١ ٣,٥,٩,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ raise ......................................................................... ٢١١ ٣,٥,١٠ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ stdarg.h .................................................................... ٢١١ ٣,٥,١١ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ stddef.h ........................................... ......................... ٢١٢ ٣,٥,١٢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ stdio.h ..................................................................... ٢١٣
- 17. ٣,٥,١٣,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ srand ....................................................................... ٢٢٨ ٣,٥,١٣,٦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ abort ....................................................................... ٢٢٨ ٣,٥,١٣,٧ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ exit . ........................................................................ ٢٢٩ ٣,٥,١٣,٨ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ atexit ....................................................................... ٢٢٩ ٣,٥,١٣,٩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ system ........................................................... .......... ٢٢٩ ٣,٥,١٣,١٠ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ abs ....................................................................... ٢٣٠ ٣,٥,١٣,١١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ labs ....................................................................... ٢٣٠ ٣,٥,١٣,١٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ div ............................ ............................................ ٢٣٠ ٣,٥,١٣,١٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ldiv ....................................... ................................ ٢٣١ ٣,٥,١٤ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ string.h .................................................................... ٢٣١ ٣,٥,١٤,١ ﺍ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strcpy ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ strncpy ....................................................... ٢٣١ ٣,٥,١٤,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strcat ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ strncat ........................................................ ٢٣٢ ٣,٥,١٤,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strcmp ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ strncmp ........................... ........................ . .. ٢٣٣ ٣,٥,١٤,٤ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strchr ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ strrchr ..................................................... . .. ٢٣٣ ٣,٥,١٤,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strspn ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ strcspn ....................................................... ٢٣٤ ٣,٥,١٤,٦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strpbrk .. ................................................................... ٢٣٤ ٣,٥,١٤,٧ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strstr ....................................................................... ٢٣٥ ٣,٥,١٤,٨ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strlen ................................................................ ....... ٢٣٥ ٣,٥,١٤,٩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strerror ...................................................................... ٢٣٥ ٣,٥,١٤,١٠ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ strtok ..................................................................... ٢٣٦ ٣,٥,١٥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ time.h ...................... ............................................... ٢٣٦ ٣,٥,١٥,١ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ clock ........................................................................ ٢٣٧ ٣,٥,١٥,٢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ time ......................................................................... ٢٣٨ ٣,٥,١٥,٣ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ difftime ...................................................................... ٢٣٩ ٣,٥,١٥,٤ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ localtime .................................................................... ٢٣٩ ٣,٥,١٥,٥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ asctime ............................................ ......................... ٢٤٠ ٣,٥,١٥,٦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ctime ........................................................................ ٢٤٠ ﺍﳋﺎﲤ ﺔ .......................................................................................... . ....... ٢٤١ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ) ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ( ................................... ............. ..................................... ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ......................................................... ............ ......................... ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ............................................... ....................... ............ ............. ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ..................................................................................................
- 18. 18 ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭ ﻧﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺁ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻـﺤﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ ... ،ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺇﻗﺘﺮﺑﺖ C ﺍﻟﻠﻨـﺴﺨﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﺻـﺤﺤﺖ ،ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﺇﳕﺎ ،ﺍﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻛﺰ ﱂ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭ ،ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹶﻻ ﻭ ِﺯ ﹾﻟ ﺖ ﺃﻧﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﹸ ﻗ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﻟﺬﺍ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﺮﺃ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻣﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ) ﺍﳌﻌﻨ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭ ﻮ ﻳﺔ ( ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﻲ ﺍﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘـﺮﻭﱐ ﺑﺮﻳـﺪﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ com . yahoo @ ounis _ khalil ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ، ﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺿﻊ . ﻣ ﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻼﺣﻈﻲ ﺿﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻌﻬﺎ ) ﲨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻌﲏ ( . ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭ ) ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﺑﲔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ( ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻣـﻦ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ : ﺍﻷﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ،ﻝ " ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ C " ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭ ، ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﰲ ﲡﺎﻫﻠﺘـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺴﻢ " ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ Operators " ﻗﺴﻢ ﻭ " ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ " ﺍﻟﻔ ﺃﻣﺎ ، ﺼ ﺟﺰﺀ ﰲ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻞ " ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ " ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻭ ، ﺍﻟﻔ ﺼ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻞ " Command-line Arguments " ﻭ " ﺍﳌﻜ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﺔ ." ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗـ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻭ ﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ . ﻭ ﺃﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ) ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻻ ﻻﻛﻦ ( . ﻫﺬ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ : § ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ C : ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻋﻨ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺎﺻﺮ C ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻊ ، . § ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ Switch ،ﺍﳌﺆﺷـﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌـﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻜـﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ، ،ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ . § ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻊ ،ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺛ ﻮﺍﺑﺖ ، ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ C . ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ،ﻤﻞ ﺟ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻠﺔ ،ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ،ﺣﺮﻑ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺏ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ) ﺍﳋـﲑ ﺷـﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎ ( . ﺃﻱ ﺳﻬﻼ ﻭ ﺃﻫﻼ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ . ﺃﻭﻧﻴﺲ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ، ٠٦٤٥٧٦٦١٨ ) ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ( ، ٢١٣٦٤٥٧٦٦١٨ + ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ : ١٩ - ٠٨ - ٢٠٠٦
- 19. 19 ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ low-level language ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ Machine language ،ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﺚ ، ﻭ ﺑﺄﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗ ﻤﺜﻞ ﻣ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﲞﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭ ) ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ low ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﳏﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ٠,٥ - ﻭ ٠,٥ + ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭ ، high ﻫﻮ ﻭ ﳏ ﺑـﲔ ﺼﻮﺭ ٤,٥ + ﻭ ٥,٥ + ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ( ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰎ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻱ assembly language ، ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ low-level languages ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ، ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺳﻬﻠ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻨ ،ﺍﻵﻟـﺔ ﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ADD ﻭ MOV . ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ COBOL ، BASIC ﻭ C ، ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺼﻮﺹ ﳑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺟﻌﻞ . ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ : ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻐﺔ Assembly Language ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰎ ، ١٩٥٦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ IBM . ﻓﻮﺭﺗﺮﺍﻥ ﻟﻐﺔ Fortran Language ، ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭ Fortran ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ Formula Translation ،ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰎ ١٩٥٤ ﻳﺘﺮﺃﺳـﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﻮﺱ ﺟﻮﻥ John Backus ﻛﺎﻧ ﺣﻴﺚ ، ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺖ . ﻛﻮﺑـﻮﻝ ﻟﻐـﺔ COBOL Language ، ﻟـ ﺇﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ Common Business Oriented Language ﻋـﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰎ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺃﻱ ، ١٩٥٩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﳉﻨﺔ IBM . ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻳﻚ ﻟﻐﺔ Basic Language ﻟــ ﺇﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ، Beginner's All- Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code ﺃﻱ ، ﻋـﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫـﺎ ﰎ ﻭ ،ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘـﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ١٩٦٣ ﻛﻴﻤﲏ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ John Kemeny ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻛﻮﺭﺯ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ Thomas Kurtz ﻛـﺒﲑﺓ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻭ ، ) ﺍﻵﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ( . ﻟﻐﺔ ﺁ ﻟﭭﻮﻝ Algol Language ﻟـ ﺇﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ، Algorithmic Language ، ﰎ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫ ﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ١٩٥٨ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﻭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﺣﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ . ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﻟﻐﺔ Pascal Language ﺍﺳـﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭ ، ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ Blaise Pascal ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰎ ﻭ ، ١٩٧٠ ﻭﻳﺮﺙ ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻮﺱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ Niklaus Wirth . ﻣـﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ . ﻟﻐﺔ C ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ Systems Programming ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭ Operating Systems ، ﺗﻮﻣـﺴﻦ ﻛﲔ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰎ Ken Thompson ﺭﻳﺘـﺸﻲ ﺩﻧـﻴﺲ ﻭ Dennis Ritchie ﰲ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ Bell . ﻟﻐﺔ C ﻣ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻦ low-level languages ﺷـﺒﻴﻬ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺎﺃ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺎ ﺑﻠﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ assembly language ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭ ،ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ mid-level language ﻟﻐـﺔ ـﺎﻷ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻐﺔ ﲢﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻟ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ، ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻐﺔ ﻮﺏ .
- 20. 20 ﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﻳﺘﺸﻲ ﺩﻧﻴﺲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻣﺴﻦ ﻛﲔ ﻗﺎﻡ C ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻜﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﱪﳎﺔ Unix ﻣﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﻛﺰﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻗﺖ ﰲ ﻭ ﺃﻗـﺼﺮ . ﻋـﺎﻡ ﰲ ١٩٧٣ ﰎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ C ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﲰﻴﺖ ﻭ ،ﺭﲰﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ C ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺎﻷ ﺍﻟـ ﻟﻐﺔ B ) ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟـ ﻟﻐﺔ B ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ BCPL ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﻳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺩﺯ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ Martin Richards ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ١٩٦٧ ﻭ ، ﻣـﻦ ﳐﺘـﺼﺮﺓ ﻫـﻲ Basic Combined Programming Language ، ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ( ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻣـﺴﻦ ﻛﲔ ١٩٦٩ ﺃﺧ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺬ B ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ Bell ﺑﻪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭ ، B ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ C ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭ ، ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ C . ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ١٩٧٨ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺭﻳﺘﺸﻲ ﺩﻧﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻴﻐﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ Brian Kernighan ﳍﺬﻩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑـﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺑـ ﲰﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ The C Programming Language ﺍﻷ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌـﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺨﺔ K&R C ) Kernighan & Ritchie C ( ﺑـ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭ K&R C ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ C ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺩﻯ C ﻭ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﱴ ﻣ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﺩﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭ ،ﺎﺘﺸﺎ C . ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ١٩٨٩ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﰎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ C ﺑـ ﲰﻴﺖ ﻭ ANSI C ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻭ American National Standards Institute C ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭ ،ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨ ﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﰎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻈﻤﺔ C ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑـ ﲰﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ISO C ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻟــ ﺇﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ International Organization for Standardization . ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻭ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ C ﺑﻌﺾ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻋﻦ K&R C ) ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ١٩٨٨ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺭﻳﺘﺸﻲ ﺩﻧﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻴﻐـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﺎ ﺑـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ The C Programming Language ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ C ، ﺃﻱ ANSI C ( . ﺭﻳﺘﺸﻲ ﺩﻧﻴﺲ ﺗﻮﻣﺴﻦ ﻛﲔ
- 21. ١,١ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺔ .......................... ... ....................................................... ١,٢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ C ........................ ............ .................................................. ١,٣ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ Variables and Constants ........ ............. .................................... ١,٤ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ Comments ...................... .................. ............. .......................... ١,٥ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ Input .................. ......... ............................... ............ ............... ١,٦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ Operators .................................... ............. ...................... .......... ١,٧ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ if, else, else…if ........................................... ............. ................... ١,٨ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ C .................................................................. ............ ......... ١,٩ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ... .... ...... .................. ..... ............................... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ : ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺳﻨﺘﻌﻠﻢ C ،ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ، ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ،ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ . ﺍﷲ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺇﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﷲ ﻗﺎﻝ : ﴿ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﺁﻣﻨﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﷲ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﴾ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﷲ ﺻﺪﻕ
- 22. 22 ﻟﻐﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ C ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﳏﺮﺭ ،ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻻ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻲ texts editor ﻣﺘـﺮﺟﻢ ، compiler ﻣـﺮﺑﻂ ﻭ linker . ﺃﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭ ،ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳝﺮ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ . ﳝﻜ ﻻ ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ . ﻟﻮ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ،ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺪﳎﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﰒ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﺭ ،ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ . ﺍﻟ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ Console . ١,١,١ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﳏﺮﺭ texts editor : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﻭ ،ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﳏﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﱪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ C ﺍﻟـﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﳏﺮﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ، ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ .c ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ، ) ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ( ﻻ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭ ،ﻟﻠﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﻬﻤﻬﺎ . ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻭ C ﺃﻥ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ASCII ﳏﺮﺭ ﻣﺜﻼ ، KWrite ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ Linux ﻭ Notepad ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ Windows ﻣـﻦ ِـﻼﻛ ، ﳏﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍﻥ ASCII . ﺍﶈﺮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻻ Word ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ Windows ﺃﻭ KWord ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ Linux . ١,١,٢ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ compiler : ﺍﳌ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﱂ ﺇﻥ ، ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ Assembly Language ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭ Machine Language ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨـﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ، ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻳﺘﻢ .obj . ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻐﺘﲔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻣﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ،ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ Pascal ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ C . ﺍﻟ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻼ ،ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ Windows ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ Visual C++ ﺑﺘﺮﲨـﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ ﻛﻼ C ﻭ C++ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻭ ، MicroSoft ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻭ ، Dev-C++ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻭ Bloodshed ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻭ ، Turbo C ، Quick C ، Pelles C ، ... . ﺑ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ Visual C++ ﳎﺎﱐ ﻏﲑ ﻓﻬﻮ . ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ Dev-C++ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺎﻧﻴﺔﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ : html . devcpp / net . bloodshed . www :// http
- 23. 23 ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ Turbo C ﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻭ ،ﺎﻧﻴﺔﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ، ،ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ : html . downloadTC / misc / stephenp ~ / edu . pitt . www :// http ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ Pelles C ﺃﻓﻀﻠ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻭ ﺎﻧﻴﺔﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ : htm . download / pellesc / com . smorgasbordet . www :// http ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ Unix ﻭ Linux ﻣﺪﳎ ﺎﻷ ﻣﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻼ ، ﺔ ﻧﺴﺨ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ Unix ﻭ Linux ﲢﺘﺎﺟـﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻞ ، ﻫ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﳏﺮﺭ ﻮ . ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻞ ،ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻻ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ Windows . ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳎﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ Windows ﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ Linux : shtml . cpp / compilers / com . thefreecountry . www :// http ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺓ ﺎ IDE ﺍﳌـ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ، ﺼ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺃﻭﻻ ،ﻄﻠﺢ؟ IDE ﻣـﻦ ﳐﺘـﺼﺮﺓ Integrated Development Environment ﺗﻄﻮ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌـﱪﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻳﺮ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎ ،ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﺭ ﻋﱪ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﱪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ، ﳏ ﻋﱪ ﻓﺘﺘﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭ ،ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺮﺭﺍﺕ Unix/Linux ، ﺣﱴ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ Qt ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ . ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺔ ﻣﺜـﺎﻻ ﻧﺄﺧـﺬ ﻭ ،ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﳏﻔﻮﻅ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ cprog.c ﻓﻤﻦ ، ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣ ﺧﻂ ﺮ ) ﻣﺜﻼ Konsole ( ﻧﻜﺘﺐ : cc cprog.c ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ C ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺪﻣﺞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﺎ ،ﻓﻘﻂ C++ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﺴﻨﻜﺘﺐ gcc ﺑﺪﻝ cc . ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ : cc –o cprog cprog.c ،ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﱄ ﺘﻜﻮﻥ : ./cprog
- 24. 24 ١,١,٣ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻂ linker : ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻂ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ .obj ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﰒ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ .exe ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﺒ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ ﻜﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺈﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭ .dll ، ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭ . ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ١,١,١ : ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ
- 25. 25 ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻗﻢ ﰒ ،ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﺄﻱ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻗﻢ C ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ Console ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺼﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ .c ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ، main.c ﻛ ﺈ ﺳـﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ : #include<stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello, World!"); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,١ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ : ﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻱ ، : #include<stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello, World!"); } ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,١ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺮﲨﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ،ﺘﻬﺎ Hello, World ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟـ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ Console . ﺑ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﺓ ﻪ ) Code ( #include<stdio.h> ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ، ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ #include<> ، ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ #include ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﺯﺭﻗﺔ . ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻭ < > ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ، stdio.h ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ، ﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ) ﻠﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ include ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ( ﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ، ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﳎﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻒ ، ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ . ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ stdio.h ﻣـﻦ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ Standard Input Output ﺃﻣﺎ ، .h ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﻬﻮ Header File . ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ #include ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺿﻢ ﻫﻮ < > ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ . ﺍﻟ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻌﺪﻳﺪ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ .
- 26. 26 ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﰲ main() ﻋ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻷﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻻ ﻭ ،ﻨـﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻻ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﳝﻜﻦ . ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺳﲔ ﺃﻣﺎ ،ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻳﺒﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺎﺃ ) ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺎﺃ ﻭ ( ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ . ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﰲ { ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺔ main . ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﰲ printf ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﰲ stdio.h ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ، print format ، ﺑﻄﺒﻊ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ( ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨـﺎ ﰲ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ Hello, World ! ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﻴﲔ " " ، ﺍ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﲏ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﺮ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ( . ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ printf ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ Screen ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺳ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻮﺏ . ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﻭ } ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭ main . ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻭ { ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺔ } ﺑﺎﻟـ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻭ block ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ، : ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ١,٢,١ : block ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ Hello, World ! ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﺇﱃ : #include<stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello, "); printf("World!"); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٢ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٢ ( ﺳﻄﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻃﺒﻊ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭ . ﺍﳉ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭ ﻤﻠـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ،ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ printf . ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﲔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ :
- 27. 27 #include<stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello, "), printf("World!"); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٣ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٣ ( ﺃﻭ : #include<stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello, "); printf("World!"); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٤ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٤ ( ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻭ : #include<stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello, World!"); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٥ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٥ ( ﺳﻴ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﺱ ﻧﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻨﺒﻬﻚ printf ﻫـﺬﻩ ﻟﺘﻔـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ، ﺑ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻮ ﺿﻊ anti-slash ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ printf ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻭ ، : printf("Hello, World!"); ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٦ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٦ ( ﺍﻟ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺴﺎﺑﻖ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺿﻢ ﰲ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ stdio.h ( ﻟـﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﳚﺪ printf ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺿﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻟﺬﺍ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺳﺘﻨﺠﻢ ﻭ ، ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺸ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺿﻢ ﺮﻭﻉ . ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ Hello, ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺮ ﰲ World ! ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻄﺮ ﰲ n ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﺑﲔ : #include<stdio.h> main() { 1 2 3 4
- 28. 28 printf("Hello, nWorld!"); } 5 6 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٧ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٧ ( ﻣﺜ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻞ : #include<stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello, "); printf("n"); printf("World!"); } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٨ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٨ ( ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﲡﺪ ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ n ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ،ﺳﻄﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﻭ n ﺑـﺴﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻻ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺪ n ﻳﻌﲏ New line . ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺳﻄﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﻳﻠﻲ : #include<stdio.h> main(){printf("Hello, World!");} 1 2 3 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,٩ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ٩ ( ﻳﻌﻤ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ﲨﻴﻊ ﲨﻊ ﰎ ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ { ) ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ( ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﻭ } ) ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺎﻳﺔ ( ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﰲ : #include<stdio.h> main(){ printf("Hello, World!");} 1 2 3 4 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,١٠ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ١٠ ( ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭ ،ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ، ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳊ ﺎﺿﻨﺘﲔ { } ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ . ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ . ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ : #include<stdio.h> main(){ printf("Hello, World!");} 1 2 ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ١,٢,١١ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ C ) ١١ (