Wind power

Wind power
Group4:
Bassam Abdella Abd-eljalil
Ahmed Nabil Aly
Waled Hassn Hassan
Abd-elrhman Fathy
El-hussien Reda
Hussien Kishk

1- Introduction
2- Components of wind turbine
3- How wind turbines generate electricity?
4- Wind Energy In Egypt
5- Wind energy in the world
6- Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy
7- Problems faces the use of wind power
8- The future of wind power

What is energy ?
Scientists who study force, motion and energy, say that energy
is the ability to do work, and work is moving something against a
force, like gravity. There are a lot of different kinds of energy in
the universe, and that energy can do different things.
Energy can be found in many things, and takes many forms.
There is a kind of energy called kinetic energy in objects that
are moving. There is something that scientists call potential
energy in objects at rest that will make them move if resistance
is removed.

What is wind power ?
 The wind is a renewable energy source. Wind turbines
can convert its kinetic energy into electricity.
 Wind power captures the natural wind in our
atmosphere and converts it into mechanical energy
then electricity. People started using wind power
centuries ago with windmills, which pumped water,
ground grain, and did other work. Today's wind turbine
is a highly evolved version of a windmill. Modern wind
turbines harness wind's kinetic energy and convert it
into electricity

Parts of horizontal wind turbine
External parts of a
horizontal wind turbine:
1- The Base.
2-Tower.
3-Nacelle.
4-Blades.

The base
 Bases are made of concrete reinforced with steel bars.
 There are two basic designs:
 One is a shallow flat disk, about 40 feet (12 m) in diameter and
three feet (1 m) thick.
 The other is a deeper cylinder, about 15 feet (4.5 m) in
diameter and 16 feet (4.8 m) deep.

The tower
 The most common tower design is a white steel cylinder, about
150 to 200 feet (45 to 60 m) tall and 10 feet (3 m) in diameter.
 Some turbines use a lattice tower, like the Eiffel tower.
 Towers have a ladder running up the inside and a hoist for tools
and equipment.

Drag type: The wind literally pushes the blades out of the way.
Slower rotational speeds and high torque capabilities. Useful for
providing mechanical work (water pumping).
The blades
Lift type: Most modern HAWT use this design.
Both sides of the blade has air blown across it resulting in the air
taking longer to travel across the edges.
In this way lower air pressure is created on the leading edge of
the blade, and higher air pressure created on the tail edge.
Because of this pressure difference the blade is pushed and
pulled around, creating a higher rotational speed that is
needed for generating electricity.
The blades of the wind turbines are designed in two different ways:

The blades
 Designed like airplane wings, modern wind turbine blades use
lift to capture the wind's energy.
 This modern blade design captures the wind's energy much
more efficiently than old farm windmills, which use drag, the
force of the wind pushing against the blades.
 The blades spin at a slow rate of about (20 – 60) revolutions per
minute (RPM).

The nacelle
 The nacelle houses a generator and gearbox.
 The spinning blades are attached to the generator
through a series of gears.
 The gears increase the rotational speed of the blades
to the generator speed of over 1,500 RPM.
 As the generator spins, electricity is produced.
 Generators can be either variable or fixed speed:

Blades:
Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin. Most turbines
have either two or three blades.

Rotor:
Blades and hub together form the rotor.

Pitch:
Turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor
from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.

Brake:
Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.

Low-speed shaft:
Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm.

Gear box:
Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational
speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is the
rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box is a
costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive"
generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.

High-speed shaft:
Drives the generator.

Generator:
Produces 50-cycle AC electricity.
Fixed speed generators:
don't need to be corrected,
but aren't as able to take
advantage of fluctuations in
wind speed.
Variable speed generators:
produce electricity at a
varying frequency, which
must be corrected to 60
(50 in Egypt) cycles per
second(Hz) before it is fed
onto the grid.

Wind vane:
Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine
properly with respect to the wind.

Anemometer:
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.

Controller:
Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph)(5-10)km/h
and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph(34 km/h). Turbines do not operate at wind
speeds above about 34 km/h because they may be damaged by the high winds.

Yaw drive:
Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes.
Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor
away from it.

How Does a Wind Turbine Generate
Electricity?
 Wind power converts the kinetic energy in wind to generate
electricity or mechanical power.
 This is done by using a large wind turbine usually consisting of
propellers, the turbine can be connected to a generator to
generate electricity, or the wind used as mechanical power
to perform tasks such as pumping water or grinding grain.
 As the wind passes the turbines it moves the blades, which
spins the shaft.

How Does a Wind Turbine Generate
Electricity?
Blades and rotor: Converts the wind power (kinetic
energy)to a rotational mechanical
power.
Gear box: Wind turbines rotate typically between 30
rpm and 60 rpm. Generators typically
rotates at 1,000 to 1,800 rpm. Most wind
turbines require a step-up gear-box for
efficient generator operation (electricity
production).
Generator: Converts the rotational mechanical power
to electrical power.
If a specially developed multi-pole ring (direct-
drive) generator is used, the gearbox is no longer
required

Distribution of Electricity
 The electricity generated by harnessing the wind’s
mechanical energy must go through a transformer in order
increase its voltage (115 kv) make it successfully transfer
across long distances.
 Power stations and fuse boxes receive the current and then
transform it to a lower voltage 220/380 volt that can be
safely used by business and homes.

There are currently two different kinds of wind turbines in use:
• The Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT):
HAWT are the most common wind turbines
Can reach higher altitude wind but requires a substantial tower
structure.
Used in most modern wind turbine designs.
or
•The Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT):
VAWT are usually in an ‘egg-beater’ style
No need to turn into wind (yaw), easier construction and
maintenance (generator and gear box are on the ground) level,
lower efficiency.

Airborne Wind Turbines
Makani Airborne Wind Turbine:
The Makani Airborne Wind Turbine (AWT) can access stronger
and more consistent wind at altitudes near 1,000 feet, which
means that 85% of the US could have viable wind resources
using the device (compared to just 15% using current turbine
technology). The Makani turbine could also be deployed in
deep offshore waters, which could lead to access to a
renewable energy resource four times greater than the entire
country's electrical generation capacity.

Lenses Wind Turbine
Wind Lens:
Japanese researchers say that they've discovered a simple way
to make wind turbines up to three times as efficient. By placing a
'wind lens' around the turbine blades, they claim that wind
power could become cheaper than nuclear

The most important stations that work with wind energy
and the amount of production.
 These stations are divided into two types:
I. Offshore installations
 Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large
bodies of water to generate electricity. These installations can utilize the
more frequent and powerful winds that are available in these locations
and have less aesthetic impact on the landscape than land based
projects. However, the construction and the maintenance costs are
considerably higher.
 At the end of 2012, 1,662 turbines at 55 offshore wind farms in 10 European
countries are generating 18 TWh, which can power almost five million
households.
 The London Array in the United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm
in the world at 630 MW

II. Onshore installations
Onshore turbine installations in hilly or
mountainous regions tend to be on ridgelines
generally three kilometres or more inland from
the nearest shoreline. This is done to exploit the
topographic acceleration as the wind
accelerates over a ridge. The additional wind
speeds gained in this way can increase energy
produced because more wind goes through the
turbines. The exact position of each turbine
matters, because a difference of 30m could
potentially double output. This careful
placement is referred to as 'micro-siting‘.

Historical development of wind power
in Egypt
 Egypt started its wind energy program in 1993 with a 5.2 MW
pilot plant and demonstration wind farm in Hurghada.
 This wind farm consists of 42 wind turbines ranging between 100
and 300 kW; the towers and blades were manufactured
locally.
 All following projects have been in the Zafarana area on the
coast of the Red Sea; the current total operating capacity is
305 MW, giving a 2007 total for all of Egypt of 310 MW when the
turbines at Hurghada are added in.
 The availability rate for the wind farms at Zafarana exceeds
98.5 percent, in line with international experience.

The proportion of wind power in Egypt
 projects in the pipeline
 200 MW, in cooperation with Germany and EU
 220 MW, in cooperation with japan
 projects under preparation
 300 MW (120 + 140 + 40 MW ) in cooperation with
Spain
 200 MW, in cooperation with Japan (on the Nile
western bank )

General data about wind energy in Egypt
 End 1997: 6 MW
 End 1998: 6 MW
 End 1999: 36 MW
 End 2000: 69 MW
 End 2001: 69 MW
 End 2002: 69 MW
 End 2003: 180 MW
 End 2004: 145 MW
 End 2005: 145 MW
 End 2006: 230 MW
 End 2007: 310 MW
 End 2008: 390 MW
 End 2009: 430 MW
 End 2010: 550 MW
 End 2011: 550 MW
 End 2012: 550 MW
 End 2013: 550 MW

List of the wind farms present in Egypt
 Zafarana 1 (30,000 kW, 50 turbines)

A list of more countries in the world to use
wind power
1. USA 65,879 MW
2. The USA state of Texas more productive wind farm
thanks "Roscoe" beach, which is the largest in the
world.
3. china 114,763 MW
4. Germany 25000 MW
5. Spain 19700 MW
6. India 10925 MW
7. Italy 4850 MW
8. France 4492 MW

World's largest onshore wind farms
countrycurrent capacity
(MW)
Wind farm
United
States
1320Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave)
United
States
523.3Buffalo Gap Wind Farm
United
States
662.5Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm
china500Dabancheng Wind Farm
United
States
599.8Fowler Ridge Wind Farm
Romania600Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm

World's largest offshore wind farms
countrycurrent capacity
(MW)
Wind farm
United Kingdom630London array
United Kingdom504Greater gabbard wind
farm
Germany400Bard offshore 1
Denmark400Anholt
United Kingdom367walney
Belgium325thorntonbank

Advantages & disadvantages of wind power

Advantages of wind power
1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be
captured efficiently.
2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does
not cause green house gases or other pollutants.
3. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the
landscape.
4. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed
and third world.
5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity
power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own
supply.

Disadvantages of wind power
1. Many people feel that the countryside should be left
untouched, without these large structures being built. The
landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy.
2. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures
and not pleasant or interesting to look at. They disfigure the
countryside and are generally ugly.
3. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution
is produced. Therefore wind power does produce some
pollution.
4. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from
zero to storm force. This means that wind turbines do not
produce the same amount of electricity all the time. There
will be times when they produce no electricity at all.

problems faces the use of wind power

Problems faced by the use of wind power
 Noise problems
Turbines can, under some circumstances be heard at distances
at least as great as 2.5km. While the sound is not loud, some
people find it annoying, and at smaller distances (perhaps 1km
or less) it may stop some people from sleeping and lead on to
anxiety and stress in some people; this, in turn, can lead
to health problems.
 Power availability and transmission problems
The wind does not blow all the time. When the wind is not
blowing wind turbines do not generate power. At times of peak
electricity demand on very hot days winds tend to be lighter
than average.

Problems faced by the use of wind power
 Social disruption
Sometimes, when a wind farm is proposed , communities are
split into supporters and opponents. Occasionally bad feeling
arises. In my experience this is more often due to people
spreading misinformation about wind farms than being due to
the wind farms themselves.
 The turbine fire problem
The fire problem in wind turbines arises as a result of large
amounts of highly flammable material (hydraulic oil and
lubricants, composite materials, insulation, and polymers)
contained within the nacelle of the wind turbine and packed in
close proximity to potential ignition sources such as overheated
mechanical components (hot surfaces) and electrical
connections that could fail.

Form shows the rate of accidents due to the
fires in wind turbines

In the future, will wind turbines be
everywhere?
• Wind power continues to be one of the most promising
renewable energy sources. Over the last decade, the
wind industry has seen exponential growth, and wind
farms are popping up all over the world. It's currently the
renewable energy source that can best compete with
fossil fuel power plants
• in some regions around the world, the clean, safe energy
it generates is already just as cheap as coal.

The Future of Wind Power in Egypt
 150-megawatt project in the Eastern Desert in Minia
Governorate:
150 MW Power Station from Wind Power and Solar PV Panels
divided into small projects ( 5 MW ) for interested companies.
2000 Feddan available and ready for immediate investment
under the Fid In Tariff Scheme.

Wind power

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