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Chapter 2
                                     Evolution of Labor-Management
                                     Relationships


Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning.                       PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
All rights reserved.                                            The University of West Alabama
1869 to World War I
 • The Industrial Revolution (1850s)
        Markets and firms expanded due to:
                 New mass-production technologies—factory systems
                 Improved road and rail transportation systems
        Effects on workers
                 Increased competition created pressures on employers to
                  minimize labor costs through lower wages.
                 Movement from rural to urban caused labor surpluses.
                 Demand was principally for low or semi-skilled workers.
                 Employers unconcerned about working conditions or
                  benefits.
                 Few laws were available to protect workers.
© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                               2–2
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • The Knights of Labor (KOL), 1869-1917
        Founded as a secret society (to protect members
            from discharge for union activities)
        First union with a national base of membership
                 Adopted a “one big union” philosophy
                 Accepted both employees and employers

        First union to win concessions from employers

        Focused on social and economic reforms
                 Reducing mass-production’s adverse impact on workers
                 Fostering the moral betterment of workers and society

© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                             2–3
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • Strategies of the Knights of Labor (KOL)
        Political action by voting workers

        Encouragement of producer and consumer
            cooperatives (employee-owned establishments)
        Use of voluntary arbitration and avoidance of strikes
            to obtain its goals
        A preference for education of workers over economic
            pressure tactics (job actions—strikes and boycotts)




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                     2–4
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • Reasons for the KOL’s Failure and Demise
        Failure to capitalize on initial strike victories
        Overestimation of the shared interests of employees
            and employers
        Overestimation of interests shared in common by all
            workers
        Lack of legal protection from employers discharging
            workers for engaging in union activities
        Inability of KOL leadership to identify with rank and
            file membership goals



© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                    2–5
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • The 8-Hour Workday Movement and the
   Haymarket Riot (1886)
        Movement’s purpose for reducing 10-hour day to
            8-hour day was to increase overall employment.
        Seven policemen were killed by a bomb explosion at
            a mass meeting of movement supporters in Chicago.
                 Rioting ensued in which several striking workers were killed
                  and hundreds were wounded.
                 Eight alleged riot leaders were “tried” and four were hung.
        The violence turned public opinion against the KOL
            and labor movement.


© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                    2–6
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • The American Federation of Labor (AFL), 1886
        Formed by skilled craft unions expelled from the KOL
        A federation of unions that each independently
            represented a unique skilled craft or occupation
               Decentralized authority to national and local unions
               Adopted the principle of exclusive jurisdiction
               Endorsed the use of economic pressure tactics
               Favored the pursuit of equitable treatment and economic
                betterment for workers (business unionism)
               Utilized a “pure and simple” approach to unionism within the
                capitalist system; did not adopt a social reform agenda
               Focused on collective bargaining to settle labor disputes




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                  2–7
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • Strategies and Tactics of the AFL
        The use of strikes and other economic pressures to
            attain union goals
        Active involvement in the political arena without
            forming a political party
        Improving the image of organized labor and collective
            bargaining




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                 2–8
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • The Homestead Incident (July 6, 1892)
        The lockout of employees at the Carnegie Steel
            Works in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
                 Pinkerton detectives and unionized workers clashed violently
                  until National Guard troops secured the town.
                 Management maintained the lockout, breaking the strike after
                  five months.
                 The company’s success bolstered the anti-union efforts of
                  other employers.
                 The press faulted the company for provoking the incident.
                 Unions gained status and public sympathy for their cause.




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                 2–9
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • The Pullman Strike (1894)
        American Railway Union (ARU)
                 Struck the national railroads to put pressure on the Pullman
                  company to reach an agreement with the union.
        Railroad Owners
                 Placed federal mail on the trains and obtained an injunction
                  prohibiting the union from interfering with the trains.
                 Had federal troops protect trains and strikebreakers.
        The strike failed and Eugene Debs, president of the
            ARU, was sent to jail for violating the injunction.



© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                    2–10
1869 to World War I (cont’d)
 • The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
        Initial goal was to overthrow the capitalist system by
            any means necessary.
        Wanted to remove any societal aspect or group that
            supported capitalism.
        Believed that the AFL had sold out to capitalism.
        Failed to establish an effective organization.
                 Lack of permanent membership and financial base
                 Inability to satisfy member’s interest
                 Identification with sabotage and violence
                 Alienation of the news media and government officials


© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                             2–11
World War I to World War II
 • Union Organizing after WWI: Problems and
   Prospects
        Recognition of labor’s power during wartime:
                 To guarantee uninterrupted war production, government
                  contracts enforced union standards.
                 Congress restricted immigration to reduce the labor supply.
        Post-war problems for unions:
                 Poor economic conditions
                 Failed national strike in the steel industry
                 Lack of organizing success
                 Aggressive employer opposition to unions


© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                   2–12
World War I to World War II (cont’d)
 • Counteractions by Employers
        Open Shop Movement (American Plan)
               Employees did not have to be or become members of a union
                to get or keep a job.
               Mohawk Valley Formula for an open shop.
               Closed Shop

                 – An agreement requiring that an individual must be a
                   member of the union before being hired by the employer.
        Other actions
               Hiring spies to ferret out union supporters for blacklisting
               Offering increased benefits
               Establishing company unions (Employee Representation
                Plan)


© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                  2–13
World War I to World War II (cont’d)
 • Factors Contributing to Labor’s Inability to
   Overcome Antiunion Sentiment
        Employees’ reluctance to join unions and forfeit their
            paychecks
        Unions’ image as corrupt organizations controlled by
            socialists, radicals, and communists
                 The V technique used to dominate union meetings

        Union leadership that negotiated sweetheart contracts
            to line their own pockets




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                       2–14
World War I to World War II (cont’d)
 • Rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations
   (CIO) and Industrial Unionism
        Production workers were becoming an increasingly
            larger percentage of the labor force.
        Most AFL unions resisted inclusion of production
            workers in their unions and the AFL.
        AFL unions expelled for dual unionism (in support of
            industrial unions) form the CIO under the leadership
            of John L. Lewis.




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                      2–15
World War I to World War II (cont’d)
 • Factors Accounting for the CIO’s Success as a
   Labor Organization
        Strong leadership
        Realistic goals
        Effective use of sit-down strikes
        Passage of the National Labor Relations Act (1935)
        Changes in employee attitudes toward independent
            unions




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                 2–16
World War II to the Present
 • During WWII
        Unions pledged no strikes during the war.
        The imposition of wage and controls (“Little Steel
            Formula”) limited wage increases but prices
            increased.
        Wartime strikes resulted in strong negative public
            sentiment towards unions.
        Unions’ postwar economic demands (full employment
            and wage increases) were strongly reinforced with
            numerous strikes.



© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                   2–17
World War II to the Present (cont’d)
 • Developments in Organized Labor Since WWII
        Increased concern over collective-bargaining issues
                 Guarantees of job security
                 Employee benefits
                    – Health-care cost shifting (higher deductibles, co-payments
                      and increased premiums)
        Real wage protection from inflation
                 Wage concession bargaining demands of management
                    – Two-tier pay plans for current and new employees
                    – Lump sum performance payments




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                 2–18
World War II to the Present (cont’d)
 • Developments in Organized Labor Since WWII
        Organizing drives aimed at white-collar and public-
            sector employees
                 Increased attention to large groups of government workers

        Merger of the AFL and CIO
                 Death of long-time presidents of both unions
                 Recognition of the ineffectiveness of union raiding
                 Sharing of common goals to influence the political
                  environment




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                 2–19
World War II to the Present (cont’d)
 • Formation of the Change to Win Federation
        Several national unions left the AFL-CIO to form a
            new federation called the Change to Win federation.
                 Dispute over extent of resources to be devoted to organizing
                  new union members.
                 CTW still shares same basic principles and philosophies as
                  unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO.
                 CTW will spend less time and money on political parties and
                  more on grass-roots organizing.




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                  2–20
World War II to the Present (cont’d)
 • Aspects of Organized Labor Unchanged
   Since WWII
        The principle of exclusive representation
        The concept of collective bargaining
        The use of grievance procedures and arbitration
        Non-intervention by the government
        Continued involvement in the political process
        Difficulty in maintaining consensus among member
         unions
        Pursuit of short-term economic and job security goals


© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                2–21
U.S Labor History Time-Line

                                                                          Triangle Waist
                                                                          Company fire
                                       Labor           Pullman                             National Labor
                                    Injunctions         Strike                              Relations Act
                                                                      Industrial
                           Agrarian             American               Workers
        Local                 to                Federation              of the             Railway             Labor
        Craft             Industrial             of Labor               World               Labor           Management
       Unions             Economy                  (AFL)                (IWW)                Act            Relations Act



   1750        1800          1850                                1900                1925               1940        1950


                                   Knights                   Erdman      United             Norris-
                                   of Labor                    Act       Hatter’s          LaGuardia
                                                                          Union               Act
               Commonwealth              Haymarket
                  v. Hunt                Square Riot
                                                Homestead                    Department         Council of
                                                   Strike                     of Labor           Industrial
                                                                                               Organizations
                                                                                                   (CIO)



© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                                                               2–22
U.S Labor History Time-Line (cont’d)

                            Labor
                        Management               Civil
                        Reporting and           Rights                                Civil Service
                        Disclosure Act           Act                                  Reform Act

               AFL
               and                                          Employee Retirement                         Global
               CIO                       Equal Pay            Income Security                         Competition
              merger                        Act                  Act (ERISA)



       1950                          1960                      1970               1975                   1980


                                       Executive          Occupational       Industrial-based
                                       Order 1088        Safety and Health   to Service-based
                                                            Act (OSHA)           Economy




© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                                                       2–23
Key Terms
 •   Knights of Labor (KOL)                     •   Blacklisted
 •   Terence V. Powderly                        •   Mohawk Valley Formula
 •   One Big Union                              •   Paternalism
 •   Haymarket Riot                             •   Employee representation plan
 •   American Federation of Labor (AFL)         •   Company union
 •   Samuel Gompers                             •   Sweetheart contract
 •   Pure and simple unionism                   •   V technique
 •   Exclusive union jurisdiction               •   Congress of Industrial Organizations
 •   Decentralized authority                        (CIO)
 •   Homestead Incident                         •   John L. Lewis
 •   Pullman Strike                             •   Sit-down strike
 •   Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)      •   National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of
 •                                                  1935
     William ‘‘Big Bill’’ Haywood
                                                •   Concession bargaining
 •   Open-shop movement
                                                •   AFL-CIO
 •   American Plan
                                                •   Change to Win federation
 •   Industrial spies


© 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.                                           2–24

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Chapter 2 evolution of labor-management relationships

  • 1. Chapter 2 Evolution of Labor-Management Relationships Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook All rights reserved. The University of West Alabama
  • 2. 1869 to World War I • The Industrial Revolution (1850s)  Markets and firms expanded due to:  New mass-production technologies—factory systems  Improved road and rail transportation systems  Effects on workers  Increased competition created pressures on employers to minimize labor costs through lower wages.  Movement from rural to urban caused labor surpluses.  Demand was principally for low or semi-skilled workers.  Employers unconcerned about working conditions or benefits.  Few laws were available to protect workers. © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–2
  • 3. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • The Knights of Labor (KOL), 1869-1917  Founded as a secret society (to protect members from discharge for union activities)  First union with a national base of membership  Adopted a “one big union” philosophy  Accepted both employees and employers  First union to win concessions from employers  Focused on social and economic reforms  Reducing mass-production’s adverse impact on workers  Fostering the moral betterment of workers and society © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–3
  • 4. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • Strategies of the Knights of Labor (KOL)  Political action by voting workers  Encouragement of producer and consumer cooperatives (employee-owned establishments)  Use of voluntary arbitration and avoidance of strikes to obtain its goals  A preference for education of workers over economic pressure tactics (job actions—strikes and boycotts) © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–4
  • 5. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • Reasons for the KOL’s Failure and Demise  Failure to capitalize on initial strike victories  Overestimation of the shared interests of employees and employers  Overestimation of interests shared in common by all workers  Lack of legal protection from employers discharging workers for engaging in union activities  Inability of KOL leadership to identify with rank and file membership goals © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–5
  • 6. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • The 8-Hour Workday Movement and the Haymarket Riot (1886)  Movement’s purpose for reducing 10-hour day to 8-hour day was to increase overall employment.  Seven policemen were killed by a bomb explosion at a mass meeting of movement supporters in Chicago.  Rioting ensued in which several striking workers were killed and hundreds were wounded.  Eight alleged riot leaders were “tried” and four were hung.  The violence turned public opinion against the KOL and labor movement. © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–6
  • 7. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • The American Federation of Labor (AFL), 1886  Formed by skilled craft unions expelled from the KOL  A federation of unions that each independently represented a unique skilled craft or occupation  Decentralized authority to national and local unions  Adopted the principle of exclusive jurisdiction  Endorsed the use of economic pressure tactics  Favored the pursuit of equitable treatment and economic betterment for workers (business unionism)  Utilized a “pure and simple” approach to unionism within the capitalist system; did not adopt a social reform agenda  Focused on collective bargaining to settle labor disputes © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–7
  • 8. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • Strategies and Tactics of the AFL  The use of strikes and other economic pressures to attain union goals  Active involvement in the political arena without forming a political party  Improving the image of organized labor and collective bargaining © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–8
  • 9. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • The Homestead Incident (July 6, 1892)  The lockout of employees at the Carnegie Steel Works in Homestead, Pennsylvania.  Pinkerton detectives and unionized workers clashed violently until National Guard troops secured the town.  Management maintained the lockout, breaking the strike after five months.  The company’s success bolstered the anti-union efforts of other employers.  The press faulted the company for provoking the incident.  Unions gained status and public sympathy for their cause. © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–9
  • 10. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • The Pullman Strike (1894)  American Railway Union (ARU)  Struck the national railroads to put pressure on the Pullman company to reach an agreement with the union.  Railroad Owners  Placed federal mail on the trains and obtained an injunction prohibiting the union from interfering with the trains.  Had federal troops protect trains and strikebreakers.  The strike failed and Eugene Debs, president of the ARU, was sent to jail for violating the injunction. © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–10
  • 11. 1869 to World War I (cont’d) • The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)  Initial goal was to overthrow the capitalist system by any means necessary.  Wanted to remove any societal aspect or group that supported capitalism.  Believed that the AFL had sold out to capitalism.  Failed to establish an effective organization.  Lack of permanent membership and financial base  Inability to satisfy member’s interest  Identification with sabotage and violence  Alienation of the news media and government officials © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–11
  • 12. World War I to World War II • Union Organizing after WWI: Problems and Prospects  Recognition of labor’s power during wartime:  To guarantee uninterrupted war production, government contracts enforced union standards.  Congress restricted immigration to reduce the labor supply.  Post-war problems for unions:  Poor economic conditions  Failed national strike in the steel industry  Lack of organizing success  Aggressive employer opposition to unions © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–12
  • 13. World War I to World War II (cont’d) • Counteractions by Employers  Open Shop Movement (American Plan)  Employees did not have to be or become members of a union to get or keep a job.  Mohawk Valley Formula for an open shop.  Closed Shop – An agreement requiring that an individual must be a member of the union before being hired by the employer.  Other actions  Hiring spies to ferret out union supporters for blacklisting  Offering increased benefits  Establishing company unions (Employee Representation Plan) © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–13
  • 14. World War I to World War II (cont’d) • Factors Contributing to Labor’s Inability to Overcome Antiunion Sentiment  Employees’ reluctance to join unions and forfeit their paychecks  Unions’ image as corrupt organizations controlled by socialists, radicals, and communists  The V technique used to dominate union meetings  Union leadership that negotiated sweetheart contracts to line their own pockets © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–14
  • 15. World War I to World War II (cont’d) • Rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and Industrial Unionism  Production workers were becoming an increasingly larger percentage of the labor force.  Most AFL unions resisted inclusion of production workers in their unions and the AFL.  AFL unions expelled for dual unionism (in support of industrial unions) form the CIO under the leadership of John L. Lewis. © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–15
  • 16. World War I to World War II (cont’d) • Factors Accounting for the CIO’s Success as a Labor Organization  Strong leadership  Realistic goals  Effective use of sit-down strikes  Passage of the National Labor Relations Act (1935)  Changes in employee attitudes toward independent unions © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–16
  • 17. World War II to the Present • During WWII  Unions pledged no strikes during the war.  The imposition of wage and controls (“Little Steel Formula”) limited wage increases but prices increased.  Wartime strikes resulted in strong negative public sentiment towards unions.  Unions’ postwar economic demands (full employment and wage increases) were strongly reinforced with numerous strikes. © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–17
  • 18. World War II to the Present (cont’d) • Developments in Organized Labor Since WWII  Increased concern over collective-bargaining issues  Guarantees of job security  Employee benefits – Health-care cost shifting (higher deductibles, co-payments and increased premiums)  Real wage protection from inflation  Wage concession bargaining demands of management – Two-tier pay plans for current and new employees – Lump sum performance payments © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–18
  • 19. World War II to the Present (cont’d) • Developments in Organized Labor Since WWII  Organizing drives aimed at white-collar and public- sector employees  Increased attention to large groups of government workers  Merger of the AFL and CIO  Death of long-time presidents of both unions  Recognition of the ineffectiveness of union raiding  Sharing of common goals to influence the political environment © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–19
  • 20. World War II to the Present (cont’d) • Formation of the Change to Win Federation  Several national unions left the AFL-CIO to form a new federation called the Change to Win federation.  Dispute over extent of resources to be devoted to organizing new union members.  CTW still shares same basic principles and philosophies as unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO.  CTW will spend less time and money on political parties and more on grass-roots organizing. © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–20
  • 21. World War II to the Present (cont’d) • Aspects of Organized Labor Unchanged Since WWII  The principle of exclusive representation  The concept of collective bargaining  The use of grievance procedures and arbitration  Non-intervention by the government  Continued involvement in the political process  Difficulty in maintaining consensus among member unions  Pursuit of short-term economic and job security goals © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–21
  • 22. U.S Labor History Time-Line Triangle Waist Company fire Labor Pullman National Labor Injunctions Strike Relations Act Industrial Agrarian American Workers Local to Federation of the Railway Labor Craft Industrial of Labor World Labor Management Unions Economy (AFL) (IWW) Act Relations Act 1750 1800 1850 1900 1925 1940 1950 Knights Erdman United Norris- of Labor Act Hatter’s LaGuardia Union Act Commonwealth Haymarket v. Hunt Square Riot Homestead Department Council of Strike of Labor Industrial Organizations (CIO) © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–22
  • 23. U.S Labor History Time-Line (cont’d) Labor Management Civil Reporting and Rights Civil Service Disclosure Act Act Reform Act AFL and Employee Retirement Global CIO Equal Pay Income Security Competition merger Act Act (ERISA) 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 Executive Occupational Industrial-based Order 1088 Safety and Health to Service-based Act (OSHA) Economy © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–23
  • 24. Key Terms • Knights of Labor (KOL) • Blacklisted • Terence V. Powderly • Mohawk Valley Formula • One Big Union • Paternalism • Haymarket Riot • Employee representation plan • American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Company union • Samuel Gompers • Sweetheart contract • Pure and simple unionism • V technique • Exclusive union jurisdiction • Congress of Industrial Organizations • Decentralized authority (CIO) • Homestead Incident • John L. Lewis • Pullman Strike • Sit-down strike • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of • 1935 William ‘‘Big Bill’’ Haywood • Concession bargaining • Open-shop movement • AFL-CIO • American Plan • Change to Win federation • Industrial spies © 2008 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2–24