2. Demography
by
Dr Sajid Hameed
Course Objectives
1.Define different tools of demography and vital
statistics
2.Name major sources of data
3.Describe the Demographic transition
4.Interpret and compute different mortality,fertility
and morbidity related measures
5.Describe factors that effect on mortality and
fertility
6.Impact of population growth
3. Demography
• Demo (People) + Graphien (write)
• The quantitative study of Characteristics of
human population
1. Size
2.Age and Sex distribution
3.Density
4.Growth
5.Vital statistic
4. Calculation of TFR
• Divide the population of women of
childbearing age(15 to 45 or 49 years)
• Record the total number of women in each
age group (a)
• Record the total number of live births in
each age group (b)
• Divide (b) by (a) to get ASFR
• TFR=Sum of all age groups ASFR X 5
5. Summary Implications
• Shortage of :- • Increase In :-
1. Educational facilities 1. Unemployment
2. Health Services 2. Land Fragmentation
3. Housing Units 3. Food Imports
4. Food 4. Environmental
5. Living Space Pollution
6. Clean water 5. Overcrowding
6. Katchi Abadis
7. Poverty
8. Unrest & Crime
6. Sources of Population Data
• Vital registration
1. Births
2. Deaths
3. Marriages
4. Population registers
5. Service statistics
6. International; migration statistics
• NADRA
• Demographic Sample Surveys
• Population & Housing Censes
7. Population Doubling Time
• How long a population would take at its
current Growth Rate to double in size?
70
• Doubling Time in Years = ------------------
Gr. Rate in %
• e.g if Gr.Rate= 2% then population
doubling time = 70/2 =35 Years
8. Population Pyramid
• A graphical representation designed to
give a picture of the Age & Sex Structure
of a population
• Salient features of a population pyramid
9. Population Equation
• Pn = Po + B - D+ I – E
• Pn = Population at time n
• Po = Population at previous time
• B = All Births
• D = All Deaths
• I = Immigration
• E = Emigration
10.
11. What does immediately comes to the mind
when we think of population?
• People: • Characteristics of
1. Size population:
1. Ethnic
2. Age
2. Marital
3. Sex
3. Economic
4. Regional Distribution 4. Educational
5. Change 5. Residential
6. Population trends 6. Religion
7. Language
12. Factors Affecting Fertility
• Age at marriage & duration of married life.
• Family planning & Child spacing
• Education
• Economic Status
• Cast & Religion
• Nutrition
• Other factors( Physical,Biological,Socio-
cultural).
13. Why we should study demography?
• Food Security
• Pollution
• Inflation
• Income
• Energy
• Unemployment
• Literacy
• Individual freedom
16. Population Momentum
• The tendency of a population to continue
to grow after replacement level fertility has
been achieved
17. Important Definitions
• Demography • Population growth
• Population change rate
• Sources of • Population doubling
demographic data time
• Age-sex composition • Population doubling
time
• Fertility
• Population pyramid
• Mortality
• Replacement level
• Net-Migration fertility
• Urbanization • Momentum of
population
18. Basic Fertility Measures
• Crude birth rate (CBR)
• General fertility rate (GFR)
• Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)
• Total fertility rate (TFR)
• Gross reproductive rate (GRR)
• Net reproductive rate (NRR)
• General marital fertility rate (GMFR)
19. Reasons for high mortality
• Acute and chronic food shortages
• Epidemic diseases
• Poor public health conditions
20. Causes Of Rapid Mortality Decline
• Increased agriculture production
• Industrialization
• Improved transportation
• Specific reforms
• Control of temperature and humidity
• Public sanitation
• Improved personal hygiene
• Immunology
21. Mortality
• Crude death rate (CDR)
• Age specific death rate (ASDR)
• Infant mortality rate (IMR)
• Early neonatal M.R
• Late neonatal M.R
• Post neonatal M.R
• Perinatal mortality rate
• Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
23. THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
SENDER MESSAIGE CHANNEL RECEIVER
(SOURCE) (CONTENT) (MEDIUM) (AUDIENCE)
FEED BACK
AWARENESS
INTEREST
EVALUATION
ADOPTION (behaviour change)
24. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
• One way communication
• Two way communication
• Verbal communication
• Non verbal communication
• Formal and informal communication
• Visual communication
• Telecommunication and internet
26. HEALTH EDUCATION
• DEFINITION:-
– A process aimed at encouraging people to
want to be healthy, to know how to stay
healthy, to do what they can individually and
collectively to maintain health, and to seek
help when needed.
27. AIMS / OBJECTIVES
• To encourage people to adopt and sustain
health promoting lifestyle and practices.
• To promote the proper use of health services
available to them
• To arouse interest provide new knowledge.
Improve skills and change attitudes in making
rational decisions to solve their own problems.
• To stimulate individual and community self –
reliance and individual and community
involvement at every step from identifying
problems to solving them.
28. APPROACH TO HEALTH
EDUCATION
• Regulatory approach (managed prevention)
• Service approach
• Health education approach
• Primary health care approach
29. HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROPAGANDA
EDUCATION PROPAGANDA OR PUBLICITY
Knowledge and skills actively Knowledge instilled in the minds of
acquired people
Makes people think for themselves Prevents or discourages thinking by
readymade slogans
Disciplines primitive desires Arouses and stimulates primitive
desires
30. HEALTH EDUCATION AND
PROPAGANDA (contd)
Develops reflective behaviour. Develops reflexive behaviour:
Trains people to use judgments aims at impulsive actions
before acting
Appeals to reason Appeals to emotion
Knowledge acquired through self – Knowledge is spoon-fed and
reliant activity passively received
The process is behaviour centered The process is information centred
– aims at developing favourabel – no change of attitude or ehaviour
attitudes, habits skills designed
31. CONTENTS OF HEALTH
EDUCATION
• Human biology
• Nutrition
• Hygiene
• Family health
• Disease prevention and control
• Mental health
• Prevention of accidents
• Use of health services
32. PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH
EDUCATION
• Credibility
• Interest
• Participation
• Motivation
• Comprehension
• Reinforcement
• Learning by doing
• Known to unknown
• Setting on example
• Good human relations
• Feedback
• Leaders
33. HEALTH COMMUNICATION
Individual approach Group approach Mass approach
Personal contact Lectures Televisions
Home visits Demonstrations Radio
Personal letters Discussion methods News paper
Group discussion Printed material
Panel discussion Direct mailing
Symposium Posters
Workshop Health museums
and exhibitions
Conferences Folk methods
Seminars Internet
Role play
