Intro Level Macroeconomics - Aggregate Expenditure Question Part 1 .pdf

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Intro Level Macroeconomics - Aggregate Expenditure Question Part 1: AE Problem (11 questions worth 3 points each for a total of 33 points). Suppose the initial conditions of the economy are characterized by the following equations in black font. We then shock the economy as shown in the red font. Where: a0 = 50, a1 = .60, a2 = .05, a3 = .10, a4 = .5, a5 = -400, b0 = 100, b1 = .5, b2 = .2, b3 = -50 Use the initial conditions above to get expressions for the Consumption function, Investment and the AE equation. Fill in the intercept and slope values to correctly complete the consumption function: AE = 2. What is the value of Investment: I = 3. Fill in the intercept and slope values to correctly complete the AE equation: AE = 4. The value of equilibrium output (Y) = 5. The value of equilibrium consumption (C) = Solution Aggregate expenditure is equal to the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures and exports minus imports. AE = C+I+G+(X-M) AE = 50+0.6(Y-200)+0.5(10000)+0.1(15000)+0.5(120)-400(4) +100+0.5(140)+0.2(1500)-50(4) + 200-400 AE = 4960+0.6Y 1) C= 4890+0.6Y 2) Investment=100+0.5(140)+0.2(1500)-50(4) Investment = 270 3) AE = 4960+0.6Y 4) Y=4960+0.6Y 0.4Y=4960 Y=12400 5) C= 4890+0.6Y C=12330.

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Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the elements of a basic microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each. Solution Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer made through VLSI fabrication. A microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. A microcontroller is available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit microcontrollers are available today). Microcontroller Chip You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of electronic devices these days. Any device that measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information must have a microcontroller chip inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in automobile industry (microcontrollers widely used for controlling engines and power controls in automobiles). You can also find microcontrollers inside keyboards, mouse, modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test equipments, microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages and waveforms. Consumer products that use microcontrollers include digital camcorders, optical players, LCD/LED display units, etc. And these are just a few examples. 1) A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components: 2) A microcontroller internally consists of all features required for a computing system and functions as a computer without adding any external digital parts in it. 3) Most of the pins in the microcontroller chip can be made programmable by the user. 4) A microcontroller has many bit handling instructions that can be easily understood by the programmer. 5) A microcontroller is capable of handling Boolean functions. 6) Higher speed and performance. 7) On-chip ROM structure in a microcontroller provides better firmware security. 8 ) Easy to design with low cost and small size. Microcontroller structure The basic structure and block diagram of a microcontroller is shown in the fig (1.1). Microcontroller Structure Image Taken From CPU is the brain of a microcontroller .CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction, decodes it, then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into a single system. The primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions. Instruction fetched from program memory must be decoded by the CPU. The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to store data and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM (EEPROM, EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes. Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices such as LCD’S, LED’S, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller. Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcont.

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Interest rates keep dropping. In my country in northern Europe we now have negative interest rate - banks have to pay the central bank for lending it their money. I have two questions: Why are interest rates lower than any time ever before? Are low interest rates dangerous? The low interest rates will make it easier to borrow money for projects that would otherwise not have been possible. Irresponsible lending has proven dangerous in the past. Are the low interest rates a way that the central banks are \"artificially resuscitating\" a poor economy which may finally lead to a crash? Adding that we have never seen this situation before I ask if this situation with extremely low interest rates is dangerous? One aspect of the question is: Are these low interest rates expected to stay low or are they considered an extreme value in a cyclic variation? Solution If by dangerous it is meant they add possible downwards volatility of assets, that could easily be argued for as: PV=D/(1+r)t Where D denotes any future income. This is especially the case if the reason for the low rates is very easy monetary policy, as such policy cannot be maintained and thus the rate is not equilibrium rate and must rise, causing a crash in asset values when that happens. Central banks determinate the interest rates in the short run, their policies are targeted to lower rates, thus a low rate. The other reason is that of supply and demand. There is not much demand for credit (no profitable ideas, no more room for consumer credit) and on the other hand the supply of credit is significant due to central bank action. High supply and low demand equals a low rate..

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Interest Rate Sensitivity A bond trader purchased each of the following bonds at a yield to maturity of 10%. Immediately after she purchased the bonds, interest rates fell to 6%. What is the percentage change in the price of each bond after the decline in interest rates? Fill in the following table. Round your answers to two decimal places.Price @ 10%Price @ 6%Percentage Change10-year, 10% annual coupon$ $ %10-year zero%5-year zero%30-year zero%$100 perpetuity% Solution Price @ 10% Price @ 6% Percentage Change 10-year, 10% annual coupon 999.94 1294.42 29% 10-year zero 385.5 558.4 45% 5-year zero 620.9 747.3 20% 30-year zero 57.3 174.1 204% $100 perpetuity 1000 1667 67% 10-year, 10% annual coupon - Assuming Face value 1000$ Year Cash flow ( Coupon @ 10%+ Redemption Price ) PVF @ YTM 10% Price of Bond @ 10% YTM PVF @ YTM 6% Price of Bond @ 6% YTM 1 100 0.9091 90.91 0.9434 94.34 2 100 0.8264 82.64 0.89 89 3 100 0.7513 75.13 0.8396 83.96 4 100 0.683 68.3 0.7921 79.21 5 100 0.6209 62.09 0.7473 74.73 6 100 0.5644 56.44 0.705 70.5 7 100 0.5132 51.32 0.6651 66.51 8 100 0.4665 46.65 0.6274 62.74 9 100 0.4241 42.41 0.5919 59.19 10 1100 0.3855 424.05 0.5584 614.24 Price of the Bond 999.94 1294.42 10-year zero - Assuming Face value 1000$ Year Cash flow ( Coupon @ 0%+ Redemption Price ) PVF @ YTM 10% Price of Bond @ 10% YTM PVF @ YTM 6% Price of Bond @ 6% YTM 1 0 0.9091 0 0.9434 0 2 0 0.8264 0 0.89 0 3 0 0.7513 0 0.8396 0 4 0 0.683 0 0.7921 0 5 0 0.6209 0 0.7473 0 6 0 0.5644 0 0.705 0 7 0 0.5132 0 0.6651 0 8 0 0.4665 0 0.6274 0 9 0 0.4241 0 0.5919 0 10 1000 0.3855 385.5 0.5584 558.4 Price of the Bond 385.5 558.4 5-year zero - Assuming Face value 1000$ Year Cash flow ( Coupon @ 0%+ Redemption Price ) PVF @ YTM 10% Price of Bond @ 10% YTM PVF @ YTM 6% Price of Bond @ 6% YTM 1 0 0.9091 0 0.9434 0 2 0 0.8264 0 0.89 0 3 0 0.7513 0 0.8396 0 4 0 0.683 0 0.7921 0 5 1000 0.6209 620.9 0.7473 747.3 Price of the Bond 620.9 747.3 30-year zero - Assuming Face value 1000$ Year Cash flow ( Coupon @ 0%+ Redemption Price ) PVF @ YTM 10% Price of Bond @ 10% YTM PVF @ YTM 6% Price of Bond @ 6% YTM 30th Year 1000 0.0573 57.3 0.1741 174.1 Price of the Bond 57.3 174.1 $100 perpetuity Applying Gordon Model Price of the Bond $100/Ytm @ 10% 1000 $100/ YTM @ 6%. 1667 Price @ 10% Price @ 6% Percentage Change 10-year, 10% annual coupon 999.94 1294.42 29% 10-year zero 385.5 558.4 45% 5-year zero 620.9 747.3 20% 30-year zero 57.3 174.1 204% $100 perpetuity 1000 1667 67% 10-year, 10% annual coupon - Assuming Face value 1000$ Year Cash flow ( Coupon @ 10%+ Redemption Price ) PVF @ YTM 10% Price of Bond @ 10% YTM PVF @ YTM 6% Price of Bond @ 6% YTM 1 100 0.9091 90.91 0.9434 94.34 2 100 0.8264 82.64 0.89 89 3 100 0.7513 75.13 0.8396 83.96 4 100 0.683 68.3 0.7921 79.21 5 100 0.6209 62.09 0.7473 74.73 6 100 0.5644 56.44 0.705 70.5 7 100 0.5132 51.32 0.6651 66.51 8 100 0.4665 46.65 0.6274 62.74 9 100 0.4241 42.41 0.5919 59.19 10 1100 0.3855 424.05 0.5584 614.24 Price of the Bond 999.94 1294.4.

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