the elements of language (sounds)

1. Teaching the
Elements of
Language
A. SOUNDS
(Phonology)
Aileen Pacayra
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3. is "the study of sound pertaining
to the system of language”.
is "the study of sound pertaining
to the act of speech." (Nikolai Trubetzkoy
in Grundzüge der Phonologie )
 The ways in which languages use sounds
or signs to construct meaning are studied
in phonology.
 The study of how humans produce and
perceive vocal sounds is called phonetics.
(Wikipedia)
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7. The Family of Consonant
Consonant Sounds
sounds
can
be
classified according to three
dimensions:
1.voicing (voiceless or voiced)
2.the place of articulation(where
the sound is made)
3.the manner of articulation (how
the sound is made)
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8. Voicing
A sound is voiced if the
vocal chords vibrate, whereas
a sound is voiceless if the vocal
cords are not vibrating upon
the production of sounds.
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9. Place or Point of
1. BilaBial- two lips touching
Articulation
each other
2. laBio dental- lower lip
touches the upper teeth
3. dental- tip of the tongue and
the inner edge of the upper teeth
4. alveolar- tip of the tongue and
hard palate
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10. 5. Palatal- the tongue
and hard palate
6. velar- dorsal tongue
and soft palate
7. Glottal- throat passage
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12. Manner of
Articulation
1. StoPS/PloSiveS- These are the sounds
produced when the air stream is blocked
completely before it is abruptly released.
The sounds P,T,K,B,D,G, are the
members of this family.
2. FricativeS- These are the sounds
produced when the air stream is
compressed and passes through a small
opening creating friction. The sounds
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13. F,V,S,Z,TH (voiced) and
(voiceless), SH, ZH are members of
this group.
3. aFFricateS- These are the
sounds produced when a plosive is
followed by a fricative. CH and J are
the members of this group
4. naSalS- These are the sounds
produced when the oral cavity is
blocked, and so the air passes
through the nose. N, M and NG are
nasal sounds.
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14. 5. liquid/lateral- Sounds are
produced when air stream moves
around the tongue in an obstructed
manner. Sounds like L and R are
examples.
6. GlideS- Sounds that are close to
vowel sounds. Sounds like W and Y.
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16. Vowel
Vowel sounds are produced with
one’s mouth open. It is also a fact that
all vowel sounds are voiced sounds.
Vowel sounds can be classified
according to the height of the tongue
and jaw, and the way the mouth
opens.
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17. What You Need to Know for
Vowels
• FRONT/CENTRAL/BACK: These three refers
to the position of the tongue from front to
back of the mouth during the production of
the sound.
• HIGH/MID/LOW: This designation refers to
whether the lips are rounded (O shape) or
spread (no rounding) when the sound is
being made.
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18. •TENSE VS. LAX: Also important in
describing vowel sounds are the
designations TENSE and LAX, which
refer to the relative tenseness of the
vocal muscles.
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20. International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA)
• In order to represent the sounds of the
world's languages in writing, linguists have
developed the
International Phonetic Alphabet, designed
to represent all of the discrete sounds that
are known to contribute to meaning in
human languages.
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21. Voiced Consonant Sounds
IPA symbol
Sound
IPA symbol
Sound
/b/
b
/ŋ/
ng
/d/
d
/l/
l
/ð/
th
/r/
r
/g/
g
/w/
w
/z/
z
/j/
y
/ʒ /
zh
/dʒ /
j
/v/
v
/m/
m
/n/
n
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22. Voiceless Consonant Sounds
IPA symbol
/s/
/ʃ /
/θ/
/f/
/h/
/tʃ /
/k/
/t/
/p/
Sound
s
sh
th
f
h
ch
k
t
p
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23. Short Vowels
Schwa Sounds
IPA symbol
Sound
IPA symbol
Sound
/I/
short i
/ə/
unstressed
syllable
/3/
eh
/ɚ /
er
/æ/
ae
/ɑ /
ah
/ɔ /
oh/”awe”
/ʊ /
uh
/ʌ /
stressed
syllable
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24. Long Vowel Sounds
IPA
symbol
Sound
Diphthongs
IPA
symbol
Sound
/i/
long i
/aʊ /
aw
/u/
ooh
/aɪ /
ay
/ɔɪ /
oy
/oʊ /
ow
/eɪ /
ey
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25. Activities
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26. Page 26

27. Consonant IPA
sound
Voicing
Place of
Manner of
Articulation Articulation
s
sh
th
th
ch
zh
j
ng
y
t
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28. Consonant IPA
sound
s
s
Voicing
Voiceless
Place of
Manner of
Articulation Articulation
Alveolar
Fricative
sh
ʃ
Voiceless
Palatal
Fricative
th
θ
Voiceless
Dental
Fricative
th
ð
Voiced
Dental
Fricative
ch
tʃ
Voiceless
Palatal
affricative
zh
ʒ
Voiced
Palatal
Fricative
j
dʒ
Voiced
Palatal
Affricative
ng
ŋ
Voiced
Velar
Nasal
y
j
Voiced
Palatal
Glides
t
t
Voiceless
Alveolar
Stops
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29. Vowel Sound
IPA
Placement of
the tongue
from roof to
floor of the
mouth
Position of the Tenseness of
tongue from
the vocal
front to back muscles
of the mouth
Lip rounding
1.short e
2.eh
3.aah
4.ah
5.oh
6.ey
7.voiced
schwa
8.unvoiced
schwa
9.long e
10.ooh
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30. Vowel Sound
IPA
Placement of
the tongue
from roof to
floor of the
mouth
Position of the Tenseness of
tongue from
the vocal
front to back muscles
of the mouth
Lip rounding
1.short e
I
High
Front
Lax
Unrounded
2.eh
ɛ
Mid
Front
Lax
Unrounded
3.aah
æ
Low
Front
Lax
Unrounded
4.ah
ɑ
Low
Back
Lax
Unrounded
5.oh
ɔ
Mid
Back
Lax
Rounded
6.ey
e
Mid
Front
Tense
Unrounded
Mid
Central
Lax
Rounded
ə
Mid
Central
Lax
Rounded
9.long e
i
High
Front
Tense
Unrounded
10.ooh
u
High
Back
Tense
Rounded
7.voiced
schwa
8.unvoiced
schwa
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