This document discusses the interface between civil services and armed forces in India. It defines civil-armed forces relations as how armed forces personnel relate to civil administration, and how each utilizes the other's aid during times of peace and war. It outlines the various armed forces in India under the Ministries of Defence and Home Affairs. It also discusses the roles and structure of these forces, as well as the rank structure and ways civil and military personnel interface at different levels. Finally, it examines reasons for tensions in civil-armed relations, ways to improve relations, relevant legal frameworks, and theories about civil-military relations.

1. Interface Between Civil Services and
Armed Forces: Civil Military Liaison
Ajay Yadav
Dy Commandant
ajayyadav2233@gmail.com

2. Preface
• Why study Civil-Armed Forces Relations
• What is Civil-Armed Forces Relations About?
• What Constitutes the Armed Forces of the Union?
• Armed Forces and their Roles?
• Structure of Armed Forces
• Rank Structure of Armed Forces and its Equivalent Rank in
Civil Administration

3. Preface
• Mechanism of Interface
• Reasons for Twist in the Civil-Armed Forces Relations
• How to Improve the Civil-Armed Forces Relations
• Legal Frameworks in Civil-Armed Forces Relations
• Civil-Armed Forces Relations Theories

4. Why Study Civil-Armed Forces
Relations?
 Understand the Armed Forces` role in society and
help the armed forces live up to that role
 Reinforce military values and military
professionalism
 Help Civil Administration live up to their social
responsibilities

5. What is Civil-Armed Forces Relations
About?
 The way Armed Forces personnel relate themselves
to civil administration.
 The role of the Armed Forces in aid to Civil
Administration.
 The manner in which civil administration utilizes aid
of Armed Forces in peace time.
 How the Armed Forces plans to utilizes aid of Civil
Administration during war and its preparedness.

6. What Constitutes the Armed Forces of
the Union?
 Armed Forces of the Union of India were raised
for the Defense and Security of the Nation
 Schedule 7 (Article 246) List I Union List Entry No.
2 says that “Naval, military and air forces; any
other armed forces of the Union” can be raised
for the security of the Nation
 Union Armed Forces are broadly under the
operational and administrative control of the
Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Home Affairs

7. What Constitutes the Armed Forces of
the Union?
Armed Forces under the operational and
administrative control of Ministry of Defence
 Indian Army
 Indian Air Force
 Indian Navy
 Indian Coast Guard

8. What Constitutes the Armed Forces of
the Union?
Armed Forces under the operational and
administrative control of Ministry of Home
Affairs
Border Guarding Forces
 Border Security Force
 Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force
 Shashtra Seema Bal

9. What Constitutes the Armed Forces of
the Union?
Armed Forces under the operational and
administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs
Internal Security Forces
 Central Reserve Police Force
 Central Industrial Security Force
 Assam Rifles
 Railway Protection Force

10. What Constitutes the Armed Forces of
the Union?
Armed Forces under the operational and
administrative control of Ministry of Home
Affairs are called as Central Armed Police Forces
Assam Rifles is a counter insurgency force
entrusted with the responsibility of guarding
Myanmar border

11. Armed Forces and their Roles?
Army, Navy and Air Force
 Ensuring national security and unity
 Defending nation from external threats
 Humanitarian rescue operations during natural
and manmade calamities
 Rescue and relief operations for safety and
evacuation of Indian diaspora
 To participate in United Nations peacekeeping
operations

12. Armed Forces and their Roles?
Border Guarding Forces
• Peace time:
 Promote a sense of security among the
people living in the border areas.
 Prevent trans border crimes, unauthorized
entry into or exit from the territory of India.
 Prevent smuggling and any other illegal
activity.

13. Armed Forces and their Roles?
Border Guarding Forces
• War Time:
 Frist line of defense
 Fight war along with Army
 Other specific role assigned by government
 Protection of vital installations particular air-
fields against enemy commandoes/para
troopers or raids.

14. Armed Forces and their Roles?
Border Guarding Forces
• War Time:
 Providing extension to the flanks of main
defence line by the holding of strong points in
conjunction with other units
 Limited Aggressive action against para military or
irregular forces of the enemy within the overall
plan of the Armed Forces
 Performing special tasks connected with
intelligence including raids

15. Armed Forces and their Roles?
Border Guarding Forces
• War Time:
 Acting as guides in an area of responsibility
where routes are known
 Maintenance of law and order in enemy territory
administrated under the control of Army
 Anti - infiltration duties in specified area
 Provision of escorts
 Assistance in control of refugees

16. Armed Forces and their Roles?
Internal Security Forces
 Lead Counter Insurgency operations
 Industrial and Airport security
 Disaster Management
 VA/VP and VVIP security
 Parliament security group
 Election and Internal Security Duty including
riot control

17. Structure of Armed Forces

18. Structure of Armed Forces
Indian Army/AR

19. Structure of Armed Forces
BSF & other CAPFs

20. Structure of Armed Forces
Structure of a CAPF Bn
Bn HQ
Commandant
Second in Command
Deputy Commandants
Service Coys commanded by Assistant Commandant
CoyCoy Coy Coy Coy Coy Coy

21. Rank Structure of Armed Forces
and its Equivalent Rank in
Civil Administration
CAPFs/Army RANKS POLICE RANKS/CIVIL EQUIVALENTS
Director General / GOC of Command
Director General of a State Police Force,
Spl. Secretary
Special Director General/ Lt. General Special Director General, Spl. Secretary
Additional Director General/ Lt. General CP, ADG, Additional Secretary
Inspector General/ Maj. General IG, Joint CP, Jt. Secretary
Deputy Inspector General/ Brigadier Additional CP, DIG
Commandant/ Colonel SSP/DCP,DM
Second-In-Command/ Lt. Colonel SP/DCP,ADM
Deputy Commandant/ Major Addl SP, Addl DCP
Assistant Commandant/
Captain/Leiutenant
Dy SP, ACP,SDM

22. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at Field Level
Sub-Divisional Civil Administration
vis-à-vis
Coy Commander level of the Armed Forces

23. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at Field Level
• Aid in maintaining Law and Order
• Curbing of illegal crossing of IB
• Resolving issues of inadvertent crossing
• Crime control in border areas
• Issues during election duties

24. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at Field Level
• Border Area Development Programme
• Civic Action Plan
• Malaria Control and other Health related
issues
• Disaster Management
• Security during visit of high dignitaries of the
Central/State Government

25. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at District-BN Level
District Civil Administration
vis-à-vis
Bn Commander level of the Armed Forces

26. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at District-BN Level
• Intelligence input sharing
• Planning of joint operations
• Implementation of Central and State schemes
• Infrastructure development in border areas
• Training of youth for employment, education
and sports

27. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at District-BN Level
• Data collection in the border areas for various
social schemes
• Interaction with counter parts
• Provision of training facilities to State Police
and Tripura State Rifles
• Environmental protection programmes

28. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at State-Frontier Level
State Civil Administration
vis-à-vis
Frontier/Corps level of the Armed Forces

29. Mechanism of Interface
Interface at State-Frontier Level
• Implementation of central government
policies by state
• Other strategic decisions
• Framing mutually agreed guidelines for
achieving goals and better coordination

30. Mechanism of Interface
Ideal Response to a Law and Order Situation

31. Reasons for Twist in the Civil-Armed
Forces Relations
• Inadequate intelligence sharing arrangement
• Egoism
• Lack of common/joint training
• Misconception of the civil administration,
police and the armed forces about their
respective role and task
• Indifference of civil authority after handing
over to responsibility to armed forces during
law and order problems

32. Reasons for Twist in the Civil-Armed
Forces Relations
• Political reasons
• Geographical origins, ethnicity, political
affiliation, socioeconomic or family
background
• Differences in the policy objectives pursued
by military and civilian elites
• Expressed policy preferences
• Historical and entrenched preferences

33. Reasons for Twist in the Civil-Armed
Forces Relations
• Differences between military and civilian
institutions
• Functional differences, institutional identities,
myths, and prejudices

34. How to Improve the Civil-Armed
Forces Relations
By Armed Forces
• Principle of Necessity
• Principle of Minimum Force
• Principle of Impartiality
• Principle of Good Faith
• Value Human Rights
• Respect Cultural Values, Customs and
Ethnicity

35. How to Improve the Civil-Armed
Forces Relations
By Armed Forces
• Religious Impartiality and Respect to Religious
Institutions
• Regular interaction with Civil Institutions
• Mechanism for real time sharing of vital
information
• Joint training modules and vertical interactions
• Social gatherings

36. How to Improve the Civil-Armed
Forces Relations
By Civil Servants
• Armed Forces should be deployed as the
instrument of last resort
• Respect for Armed Forces values and traditions
• Priority in providing essential basic amenities
during deployment of Armed Forces
• Regular interaction at multi level
• Responsive nodal authority

37. Legal Frameworks in Civil-Armed
Forces Relations
 Indian Constitution
 IPC, CRPC, NDPS Acts etc
 Armed Forces Acts like BSF Act etc
 Armed Forces Special Power Act
 Human Rights

38. Civil-Armed Forces Relation Theories
 Institutional Theory – civilians and military
operate in separate “spheres,” and have
different values
 Convergence/concordance – military and
civilians are part of same society, work best
together when they agree on values
 Post-modern – military is no longer an
“institution,” members of military have many
social identities at once

39. Questions/Comments