2. INTRODUCTION
• first documentation in the Ebers
Papyrus dated to 1550 BC
• About 150 million people per year
• more common in women than men.
• m/c form of bacterial infection in women
3. • Half of women having at least one infection at
some point in their lives
• Most frequent in female 20-36
• Risk increases after menopause
• 20-40 % have recurrenUp to 10% of women
have UTI in a given year
4. HOSPITAL ACQUIRED UTIs
• 600k / year
• 40% of hospital acquired infections
• CAUTIs – 80 % of hospital acquired UTIs
• Catheterisation increases risk by 10 fold
• Pyelonephritis common in pts catheterized
over a month.
5. GENDER AND SEX DIFFERENCES
• Neonate : M > F
• Adolescent to menopause : F > M
• Older age : M=F
• Female : short ureter , sexual contact and
spermicidal
• Male : prostate infections , circumcision ,
homosexuals , anatomical defects
6. Classification of UTI
• Location
Upper ( pyelonepritis , intrrenal and peri-
nephric abscess )
Lower ( cystitis , uretheritis )
• Symptoms
Asymptomatic
Symptomatic
10. • bacterial colonisation ( staph epidermidis ,
streptococcus sps , enterococcus etc ) is
confined to the lower end of the urethra and
the remainder of the urinary tract is sterile
11. ETIOLOGY
Common pathogens of UTI
E. Coli (80 % of outpatient UTIs)
Klebsiella
Proteus
Enterobactor
pseudomonas
Staph. Saphropyticus (5-15% )
Enterococcus
Candida
Adenovirus type 11
13. Pathogenesis of UTI
• Ascending route – m/c
• Initial event – colonisation of uretheral and
peri-uretheral tissues
• Once in bladder – multiplies – pass up ureter if
VUR – renal pelvis and parenchyma
• Healthcare infections – instrumentation
( catheterisation , cystoscopy )
14. • Hematogenous – less frquent ( MTB ,
salmonella )
• Common site of abscess formation in Staph.
aureus bacteremia , less often in candidemia
and rarely with gram negative
• Source of uropathogens – enteric bacteria
15.
16. HOST PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN UTI
• Flushing mechanism
• Acidic pH of urine ( 4.6-6 ) – anti-bacterial
• Acidic vaginaal pH(3.5-4.5) – inhibits
colinization
• THF protein – blocks E.coli
• Chemotactic factors IL-8
17.
18. Bacterial factors in UTI
• E.coli strains expressing O Ag – most of UTI
• Expressing capsular Ag – antipgagocytic –
clinical severity
• P-fimbriae – enhance attachment of E.coli to
uroepithelial cells
• Motility – ascend against urine flow
24. Uncomplicated UTI
• OPD visit
• Non-pregnant female
• Anatomically and functionally normal urinary
tract
25. Complicated UTI
• Male
• Pregnant female
• Anatomic or functional abnormality of urinary
tract
• Immuno-compromised host
• Metabolic abnormality
• Instrumentation
• Multi-drug resistant bacteria
26. ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA
• Positive urine culture( Ucx >_10(5)CFU/ml ) in
the absence of infection
• Investigate and treat only in
Pregnant women
Renal transplant pts
About to undergo urinary tract procedures.
27. Acute uretheral syndrome
• Lower UTI symptoms and pyuria with < 10(5)
bacteria/ml urine
• mos- Chlaymdia trachomatis , ureaplasma
urealyticum , N.gonorrhoea
• If no specific etiology – empirical t/t with
doxycycline 1oo mg PO bd for 7 days or
azithromycin 1 g po single dose
28. Catheter asc. UTI
• Risk of bacteriuria is 5%/day , 25%/wk and
100%/month.
• 40% of nosocomial infections
• m/c source of gram negative bacteremia.
• Dx : 10(2) CFU/ml
• mo – E.coli , proteus , enterococcus ,
enterobactor , serratia ,pseudomonas ,
candida .
29. UTI in male
• At risk : older men with prostatic disease,
instrumentation ,anal sex
• Ucx : 10(3) CFU/ml ; sensitivity and specificity
97%
30. RECURRENT UTI
• 27% of young women
>_ 3 episodes/year
>_ 2 episodes/6 months
• Identify organism by culture
• RELAPSE : infection with same organism
• RECURENCE : infection with different
organisms
31. PREVENTION :
1. Frequent and complete voiding
2. Avoidance of spermicide and/or diaphragm
3. Immediate voiding after intercourse
4. Good hydration
5. Low dose antibiotic prophylaxis
32. Recommendations for recurent UTI
1. Urinalysis and midstream urine culture and
sensitivity should be performed with the first
presentation of symptoms in order to establish
a correct diagnosis of recurrent UTI
2. Patients with persistent hematuria or persistent
growth of bacteria aside from Escherichia coli
should undergo cystoscopy and imaging of the
upper urinary tract.
SOGC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE 1088
NOVEMBER JOGC NOVEMBRE 2010
33. 3. Sexually active women suffering from
recurrent UTI and using spermicide should be
encouraged to consider an alternative form
of contraception.
4. Prophylaxis for recurrent UTI should not be
undertaken until a negative culture 1 to 2
weeks after treatment has confirmed
eradication of the urinary tract infection.
34. 5. Continuous daily antibiotic prophylaxis using
cotri- moxazole, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin,
trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or
a quinolone for recurrent UTI
6. Women with recurrent UTI associated with
sexual intercourse should be offered post-coital
prophylaxis as an alternative to continuous
therapy in order to minimize cost and side effects
35. 7. Acute self-treatment should be restricted
to compliant and motivated patients in
whom recurrent UTI have been clearly
documented.
8. Vaginal estrogen should be offered to
postmenopausal women who experience
recurrent UTI.
9. Cranberry products are effective in reducing
recurrent UTI.
36. 10. Acupuncture may be considered as an
alternative in the prevention of recurrent UTI in
women who are unresponsive to or intolerant
of antibiotic prophylaxis.
11. Probiotics and vaccines are of no proven
therapy for recurrent UTI
12. Pregnant women at risk of recurrent UTI
should be offered continuous or post-coital
prophylaxis with nitrofurantoin or cephalexin,
except during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy
37. Acute prostatitis
• Fever with chills, dysuria, and a boggy, tender
prostate on examination
• Diagnosis - physical exam and urine Gram
stain and culture.
• Enteric gram negatives are the usual causative
organism
38. Chronic prostatitis
• low back pain, perineal, testicular, or penile
pain, dysuria, ejaculatory pain, recurrent UTIs
with the same organism, or hematospermia
• frequently abacterial
• Dx- quantitative urine cultures before and
after prostatic massage
• TRUS if abscess suspected.
39. Acute epididymitis
• unilateral scrotal ache with swollen and
tender epididymis on exam
• Causative org.
- N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis in sexually
active young men
- gram-negative enteric organisms in older men
41. COMPLICATION :
1. Sepsis
2. Papillary necrosis
3. Abscess
4. Ureteral obstruction
5. Impaired function if scarring
6. Pregnany – preterm labour
42. • Rapid increase in Sr. Creatine may indicate
PAPILLARY NECROSIS ( sickle cell ds , DM,
analgesic nephropathy )
• INTRAPARENCHYML ABSCESS s/b suspected
when pt has continued fever and bacteremia
despite antibiotic therapy .
43. EMPHYSEMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
• Severe acute necrotizing parenchymal renal
infection caused by gas-forming bacteria.
• Much higher mortality .
• No specific symptoms and signs, and can be
present in the absence of a septic physiology.
44. • EPN should be suspected in patients who are
not responding to therapy
unexplained abnormal gas formation in the
body, especially in diabetic patients with poor
glycemic control.
• High-dose antibiotic therapy alone or with
percutaneous drainage in contrast to bilateral
nephrectomy may be a preferable approach to
salvage kidney function
45.
46. EPN classification by Huang and Tseng
Class Description
Class I Gas in collecting system only
Class II Parenchymal gas only
Class III a Extension into perinephric tissue
Class III b Extension into pararenal space
Class IV EPN in solitary kidney , or bilateral
disease
47. XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS
PYELONEPHRITIS
• Chronic pyelonephritis
• Defect in microbial processing
• Deposition of lipid laden macrophages
• Middle aged women with recurrent UTI
• Mo : E.coli , proteus , kliebsella ,
pseudomonas , E. fecalis
• t/t : iv antibiotics , partial/total neprectomy
• Consider RCC
55. Collecting urine sample
• MSU
• Samples from urinary bags and bed-pans
should not be used
• Suprapubic puncture – most reliable
• Urine in bladder > 4 hrs
58. Indications for Radiologic Imaging
with UTI
• non responsive to treatment
• with predisposing factors
• Imaging modalities
X-ray KUB
USG abdomen and pelvis
Non-contrast CT abdomen and pelvis
Cystoscopic or ureteroscopic evaluation of the
urinary tract (rarely )
64. MANAGEMENT
• Principles of management :
hydration
relief of urinary tract obstruction
removal of foreign body or catheter if feasible
correctable cause of GU abnormalities and
metabolic abnormality
judicious use of antibiotics
67. Uncomplicated UTI (cystitis, some pyelonephritis)
Nitrofuratoin 100 mg BID x 5 days or a 3 day
course of oral TMP/SMX - 95% effective
If TMP/SMX resistance is > 10 – 20% - consider
fluoroquinolones.
Only use fluoroquinolones or beta-lactams if one
of these recommended antibiotics cannot be
used due to availability, allergy, or tolerance
68. Other Uncomplicated UTI
7 – 10 day antibiotic course
diabetes
symptom duration before treatment of > 7 days
pregnancy
age >65 years
past history of pyelonephritis
UTI with resistant organisms
73. REFERENCES
• Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine
22E
• Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 19E
• THE WASHINGTON MANUAL OF MEDICAL
THERAPEUTICS 34E
• American society of urology 2016